PUPILLIDAE AND RELATED GROUPS. 201 



the penial retractor seems undivided and attached only to 

 the epiphallus. The radula has a similarly narrow central 

 but fewer laterals and marginals. 



Orculinae. 



In this group, two species of Orcula s. s. (oviparous) have 

 been dissected by Soos (1917) and one by Steenberg (1925), 

 whose figures of the genitalia (pi. 30, figs. 2, 2a) and jaw 

 (fig. 7) of 0. dolium (Drap.) have been reproduced. Besides 

 the characters mentioned in the key, the spermatheca is very 

 long and stout with its sac (rs) imbedded in the albumen 

 gland (ga). The major portion of the unforked penis forms 

 an apical prolongation (ap), with internal folds, beyond the 

 entrance of the epiphallus (pi to P4) ; this appears to be a 

 specialized homolog of the apical caecum of the epiphallar 

 penial arm in Pupilla, etc.). The true appendix is evidently 

 absent but is present in the following. 



In 0. scyphus hatumensis (Ret.) and 0. orientalis (Pfr.) 

 [Orculella Steenberg], of which the anatomy (oviparous) has 

 been described by Hesse (1924), the spermatheca is much 

 shorter, as if the swollen stalk (pdj in 0. dolium had become 

 the functional sac, and the penis has an appendix although an 

 appendicular arm appears to be absent {batumensis) or very 

 short (orientalis). Also, the swollen prolongation of the 

 penis (or its epiphallar arm) beyond the epiphallar entrance 

 is long (orientalis, like in dolium) or short Cbatumensis) . 

 These species cut down the gap in anatomical characters be- 

 tween Orcula and Lauria or Pupilla considerably and one 

 wonders what an examination of the residual species may 

 show. 



Moquin-Tandon 's (1855) figure of the male genitalia of 

 Pagodulina pagodula (Desm.) does resemble the structures in 

 Orcula, as claimed by Steenberg, but new researches are 

 necessary. 



Gastrocoptinae. 



In this group, Modicella avenacea (Brug.) [+ Chondrina 

 a.] and Abida frumentum (Drap.) have been dissected by 

 Soos (1917) ; besides these, Steenberg (1925) has studied M. 



