PUPILLIDAE AND RELATED GROUPS. 203 



Gastrocopta has a relatively smaller although well formed 

 penis and a shorter spermatheca than the other three genera ; 

 also, the attachment of its penial retractor is more nearly- 

 apical and its tricuspid radular central is narrower than in 

 Ahida or Sandahlia. Their inclusion in the same subfamily 

 is anatomically supported. So far as known, all the genera 

 appear to be oviparous. 



Because Chondrina Reichenbach (1828) was proposed as a 

 substitute for Chondrus Cuvier (1817), the two names are 

 irrevocably inseparable. If Reichenbach 's (1836) mention of 

 Helix avenacea as the only species be considered either as a 

 type designation or as a definite "restriction" (Cf. Opinion 

 81), his action applies to Chondrus as well, which would be- 

 come the generic name of avenacea. In any case, the term 

 Chondrininae is untenable. 



Oastrocopta (Albinula) armifera (Say). Plate 27, fig. 5 



to 7. 



The description is founded on animals from Williams 

 Canyon, near Manitou, Colorado, collected Sept. 19, 1931, but 

 specimens from near Spearfish, South Dakota, collected a 

 week earlier, and from near Philadelphia, collected in the 

 spring, have the same structure. Male organs, although small, 

 seem to be always developed. No embryos have been observed. 



Ovotestis (fig. 5) with three lobes of clavate alveoli; carre- 

 four elongate and enlarged at both ends. Oviduct with apical 

 half (uterus) swollen and apically convoluted; basal half 

 slender; cul-de-sac slender and almost as long as uterus. 

 Spermathecal sac imbedded near middle of uterus. Epi- 

 phallus (fig. 6) swollen and internally papillate in first 

 half; slender and simpler towards entrance into penis which 

 is without definite papilla. Penis small and slender; swollen 

 apically, where it has thick walls and is prolonged some dis- 

 tance beyond epiphallar entrance. Penial retractor arising 

 from diaphragm and inserting slightly below epiphallus. 

 Atrium short. Right inferior as well as ommatophoral re- 

 tractors passing through penioviducal and attached to both 

 sides and to vas deferens by slips of muscle; right free re- 



