204 PUPILLIDAE AND RELATED GROUPS. 



tractor with large branch to atrium. Radular formula (fig. 

 7) : 18 — 1— (8 + 10), with 82 rows (T) ; central about half 

 width of 1st lateral, with short reflection and 3 small cusps; 

 marginals with prominent mesocone and with few ectocones. 



Gastrocopta (s. s.) octonaria Pilsbry. Plate 27, figs. 3 

 and 4, 



The animals are from Bonaire, Dutch West Indies, collected 

 August, 1922 ; they may be stout examples of G. curacoana 

 Pilsbry (teeth of shell destroyed to see animals and vice 

 versa). Only salient differences from G. armifera are noted. 



Free oviduct (fig. 3) stouter; vagina relatively longer. 

 Epiphallar entrance nearer apex of penis. Radular formula 

 (fig. 4): 12 — 1 — (4-|-8); marginals usually broader and 

 often with more ectocones. 



Nesopupinae. 



This group is evidently most closely related to the Vertig- 

 ininae but the gap between it and the Acanthinulinae is almost 

 bridged (except in radular characters) by the genera Pupi- 

 soma and Pronesopupa. Besides these, it includes Lyropupa, 

 Nesopupa and Bothriopupa. Ovoviviparity appears common 

 and may be universal. 



Nesopupa (Indopupa) moreleti (Brown) has been studied 

 by Steenberg (1925) whose figure of the jaw is copied (pi. 31, 

 fig. 6), and two species of Pupisoma by myself (1927) ; in 

 plate 28, figures of the jaw (fig. 3) of P. mediamericanum 

 Pils. and of the pallial complex (fig. 5), the genitalia (fig. 4), 

 penis with accessories (fig. 7) and radula (fig. 6) of P. comi- 

 colense H. B. B. have been reproduced. In Pupisoma, the 

 orthureter has a recurved duct. The uterus, filled with 

 embryos, is very long but the free oviduct, spermatheca, vagina 

 and prostate are short. The epiphallus enters through a 

 small papilla into the bifid penis, with its appendicular arm 

 poorly demarcated from the short appendix. The branched 

 retractor inserts on the apices of both penial arms. The jaw 

 consists of narrow, overlapping plates. All radular teeth are 

 fundamentally tricuspid but develop many accessory cusplets. 

 I am now dubious about the presence of inferior tentacles in 



