PUPILLIDAE AND RELATED GROUPS. 209 



The uterus (ov) is simple in Vertigo but more or less folded 

 in the other two genera. The free oviduct (ol) is long in 

 Vertigo, short or absent in the others. The spermatheea (rs) 

 is of the short type, imbedded in the uterus, but has much the 

 longest stalk in Vertigo. The prostate (pr) appears almost 

 vestigial. The epiphallus (ep) is poorly developed but re- 

 ceives the penial retractor (rp) in Columella (penial entrance 

 subapical) and in Vertigo (entrance apical) but is obsolete in 

 Truncatellina, in which the retractor inserts on the penial 

 apex. The radular teeth of Vertigo are fundamentally tri- 

 cuspid and develop numerous interstitial cusplets, but the 

 laterals of Columella and Truncatellina have only two large 

 cusps and interstitials appear to be lacking on the central (in 

 Truncatellina on the inner laterals as well ; text fig. 12, 3, T. 

 monodon Held, after Odhner, 1924). While Vertigo does 

 seem to form a group apart from the others, the differences 

 seem of no more than generic importance. 



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