﻿4 
  MARINE 
  MOLLUSCA 
  DESCRIBED 
  BY 
  P. 
  P. 
  CARPENTER 
  

  

  voluminous 
  notes, 
  yet 
  only 
  two 
  of 
  his 
  papers 
  include 
  illustrations, 
  and 
  only 
  one 
  

   new 
  species 
  was 
  figured 
  by 
  him, 
  except 
  for 
  sectional 
  drawings 
  of 
  several 
  new 
  

   species. 
  The 
  absence 
  of 
  figures 
  in 
  Carpenter's 
  works 
  has 
  been 
  a 
  source 
  of 
  criticism 
  

   of 
  otherwise 
  exceedingly 
  deserving 
  efforts. 
  Less 
  careful 
  and 
  less 
  brilliant 
  con- 
  

   chologists 
  of 
  his 
  day 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  so 
  severely 
  judged, 
  for 
  they 
  included 
  illustra- 
  

   tions 
  in 
  their 
  works. 
  

  

  The 
  chiton 
  manuscript 
  which 
  was 
  not 
  complete 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  Carpenter's 
  

   death 
  did 
  contain 
  the 
  series 
  of 
  drawings 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  executed 
  under 
  Carpen- 
  

   ter's 
  supervision. 
  Those 
  drawings 
  were 
  deposited 
  in 
  the 
  Smithsonian 
  Institution, 
  

   where 
  fortimatcly 
  the 
  illustrations 
  were 
  available 
  to 
  Pilsbry. 
  and 
  many 
  were 
  pub- 
  

   lished 
  in 
  his 
  chiton 
  monographs. 
  These 
  manuscript 
  illustrations, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  a 
  

   series 
  of 
  drawings 
  of 
  the 
  species 
  of 
  the 
  Mazatlan 
  Catalogue, 
  are 
  preserved 
  in 
  the 
  

   archives 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  National 
  Museum. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  drawings 
  were 
  pub- 
  

   lished 
  by 
  Dall 
  and 
  Bartsch. 
  Letters 
  in 
  the 
  files 
  of 
  the 
  Redpath 
  Museum 
  reveal 
  

   that 
  Carpenter 
  was 
  concerned 
  over 
  the 
  illustration 
  of 
  the 
  West 
  Coast 
  fauna 
  and 
  

   that 
  he 
  and 
  J. 
  D. 
  \\^hitney 
  of 
  the 
  Geological 
  Survey 
  of 
  California 
  were 
  negotiating 
  

   in 
  1871 
  plans 
  for 
  drawings 
  for 
  a 
  \\'est 
  Coast 
  conchological 
  publication. 
  Carpen- 
  

   ter's 
  death 
  and 
  the 
  vicissitudes 
  of 
  the 
  California 
  Survey 
  prevented 
  such 
  a 
  funda- 
  

   mental 
  project 
  from 
  being 
  com])leted. 
  

  

  The 
  second 
  detrimental 
  factor 
  involved 
  in 
  the 
  problem 
  of 
  the 
  identification 
  

   of 
  species 
  described 
  by 
  Carpenter 
  from 
  the 
  West 
  Coast 
  has 
  been 
  misinformation 
  

   and 
  lack 
  of 
  information 
  regarding 
  the 
  types. 
  

  

  It 
  has 
  been 
  assumed 
  by 
  many 
  workers 
  that 
  Carpenter 
  did 
  not 
  designate 
  types 
  

   and 
  that 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  specimens 
  have 
  been 
  lost. 
  Neither 
  of 
  these 
  assumptions 
  is 
  

   correct. 
  An 
  examination 
  of 
  Carpenter's 
  original 
  collections 
  with 
  original 
  labels 
  

   intact 
  shows 
  that 
  type 
  designations 
  are 
  marked 
  ; 
  some 
  specimens 
  are 
  labelled 
  

   ■'unique 
  type." 
  In 
  many 
  cases 
  no 
  holotype 
  is 
  designated, 
  but 
  several 
  syntypes 
  are 
  

   stipulated 
  as 
  types. 
  The 
  writer 
  has 
  included 
  under 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  types 
  in 
  each 
  

   s]-)ecies 
  the 
  quotation 
  of 
  the 
  label. 
  This 
  in 
  many 
  instances 
  may 
  be 
  tied 
  into 
  the 
  

   data 
  as 
  given 
  in 
  the 
  original 
  description. 
  Unfortunately, 
  in 
  some 
  cases 
  more 
  than 
  

   one 
  locality 
  is 
  included 
  on 
  the 
  type 
  label. 
  One 
  cannot, 
  therefore, 
  differentiate 
  

   wliicli 
  specimens 
  belong 
  to 
  the 
  respective 
  localities. 
  Duplicate 
  sets 
  of 
  types 
  have 
  

   been 
  discovered 
  in 
  the 
  U. 
  S. 
  National 
  Museum 
  and 
  the 
  Redpath 
  Museum. 
  Fre- 
  

   quently 
  Carpenter's 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  word 
  type 
  would 
  be 
  equivalent 
  to 
  what 
  modem 
  

   authors 
  term 
  paratype. 
  Although 
  the 
  collection 
  at 
  the 
  Redpath 
  Museum 
  has 
  re- 
  

   mained 
  intact 
  since 
  Carpenter's 
  death, 
  material 
  at 
  other 
  institutions 
  has 
  been 
  

   moved 
  or 
  rearranged. 
  Hence, 
  there 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  mixtures, 
  and 
  there 
  has 
  been 
  

   loss 
  of 
  specimens. 
  

  

  Carpenter 
  had 
  access 
  to 
  large 
  collections 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  as 
  well 
  

   as 
  the 
  accumulation 
  of 
  an 
  extensive 
  one 
  of 
  his 
  own. 
  He 
  received 
  by 
  gift 
  or 
  ex- 
  

   change 
  shells 
  from 
  chief 
  collectors 
  of 
  his 
  day, 
  including 
  such 
  men 
  as 
  Cuming, 
  

   Pease, 
  Morch, 
  Jeffreys, 
  Tristram, 
  M' 
  Andrew, 
  Henry 
  Adams, 
  Jewett, 
  Newcomb, 
  

   Cooper, 
  Gould, 
  Stearns, 
  Gabb, 
  Dall, 
  Hemphill, 
  and 
  others. 
  He 
  identified 
  the 
  

   collections 
  for 
  the 
  Smithsonian 
  Institution 
  at 
  the 
  headquarters 
  and 
  abroad, 
  where 
  

   the 
  bulk 
  of 
  the 
  shell 
  collections 
  were 
  shipped 
  to 
  him. 
  After 
  he 
  was 
  established 
  in 
  

  

  