4 THE FROG 



away the debris as it accumulates and put everything in 

 its place at the end of the hour. Remember that accurate 

 observation is as important as careful dissection. Do not 

 depend on your memory, but make working sketches as 

 you dissect. Do not neglect your ruler; a few accurate 

 measurements will make your final drawing more valu- 

 able than hours of ^'finishing." Label every structure ap- 

 pearing on the drawing. 



Learn the following descriptive adjectives: dorsal, with 

 reference to the back; ventral, with reference to the belly; 

 cephalic, with reference to the head (= anterior) ; caudal, 

 with reference to the tail (= posterior) ; mesial, with ref- 

 erence to the mid-line; dextral, with reference to the right 

 side of the animal itself; sinistral, with reference to the left 

 side; proximal, referring to the part nearest the mid-line 

 of the body; and distal, referring to the part farthest away 

 from the mid-line. Any of these adjectives may become 

 adverbs by the substitution of the suffix -ad for -al, e.g., 

 dorsad means in the direction of, or toward, the back. 



References 



GENERAL 



Holmes, S. J. 1927. The Biology of the Frog. 4th Ed. The 

 Macmillan Company, New York. 



TAXONOMY 



BouLBNGER, G. A. 1920. A Monograph of the American Frogs 

 of the Genus Rana. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 55. 



DiCKERSON, M. C. 1906. The Frog Book. Doubleday, Page & 

 Co., New York. 



Stejneger, L., and Barbour, T. 1923. A Check List of North 

 American Amphibians and Reptiles. 2d Ed. Harvard Uni- 

 versity Press, Cambridge. 



ANATOMY 



Gaupp, E. 1896-1904. A. Ecker's and R. Wiedersheim's Anat- 

 omic des Frosches. Vol. I, 3d Ed.; Vol. U, HI, 2d Ed. F, 

 Viewig und Sohn, Braunschweig. 



