ANIMAL LIFE 189 



flavescens collected at the Cape of Good Hope 

 from the northern ones, and Echinus nor- 

 vegicus is apparently bipolar. Stichaster, 

 Lophaster and Crihrella amongst the asterids 

 appear to be bipolar, as well as Pontaster 

 forcipatus and Dytaster exilis, and Ophioglypha 

 hullata, Ophiocten hastatum and Ophiernus 

 vallincola amongst the ophiurids. Mortensen 

 says that among littoral echinids there is no 

 single bipolar species, nor even a bipolar 

 genus. 



Bryozoa. — Edith M. Pratt considers Beania 

 magellanica and Cellepora pustulata bipolar 

 species, as is also the gigantic form Kinetoskias 

 cyathus. 



Mollusca, — Georg Pfeffer states that there 

 are numerous bipolar species amongst the mol- 

 luscs, and W. E. Hoyle refers to the genus 

 Bothy teuthis dredged by the " Challenger " 

 in the Southern Ocean and recorded by 

 A. E. Verrill from the North Atlantic. The 

 pteropods Limacina retroversa and L. helicina 

 have already been mentioned. 



Pantopoda. — Karl Mobius says there are 

 no bipolar species of pantopoda, but Willy 

 Kiikenthal points out that most species of the 

 Southern Ocean are no more distinct from the 

 North Atlantic species than the North Atlantic 

 species of the same genus differ from one 

 another. 



