ANIMAL LIFE 191 



occurs also in the Antarctic, and the closely 

 related C. hyperboreus is found near the 

 Canaries and also near the Australian coasts. 



Wormb'. — The nemertine Carinoma is bi- 

 polar, as also the littoral annelid Terebellides 

 strcemi. E. Ehlers says that the Magellan coasts 

 have twenty-one species of Polychaetes which 

 belong to the northern hemisphere, including 

 Nephthys longisetosa, Glycera americana, Scole- 

 colepis vulgaris, Arenicola assimilis and Noto- 

 mastus latericeus, and Pratt gives about four- 

 teen bipolar species. Amongst the Gephyrea 

 Priapulus caudatus and Phascolosoma margari- 

 taceum are bipolar. Two other southern species 

 of Gephyrea have near relatives in the north, 

 while of the southern genus Echiurus three 

 species are Arctic. The pelagic chaetognath 

 Sagitta (Krohnia) hamata characteristic of the 

 Norwegian Sea is also known from the far 

 south. 



Anthozoa. — The species of the genus Alcyon- 

 ium are inhabitants of the temperate regions 

 of all the three oceans. Of deep-sea Alcyon- 

 aria the sub-genus Ceratocaulon of the genus 

 Xenia is bipolar, and so is the pennatulid 

 Umbellula encrinus. Several genera of Actin- 

 iaria, e.g. Bunodes, Edwardsia, Sagartia, are 

 bipolar. 



Medusce. — Otto Maas says that among the 

 Medusae a number of genera found in the Arctic 



