THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 



179 



emerge from the oven, when they are dried by the usual 

 process in a room appropriated to the purpose. 



Many questions were asked and much valuable in- 

 formation elicited from Dr. Dauglish, the patentee, on 

 the valuable properties of the bread thus made. One 

 gentleman, however, from the Post-office, stated that he 

 had requested a large number of the men employed at 

 that establishment (of whom there are 800) to use the 

 aerated bread for a certain time, and report to him upon 

 its nutritive properties as compared with the common 

 bread. The result was that all except one of them 

 found the bread more nutritive, and that it kept fresh 

 much longer, than common bread, and was also more 

 pleasant to the taste. 



A cold collation was provided for the company in one 

 of the floors of the building, at which Dr. Lancaster 

 presided. Some excellent speeches were delivered by 

 the chairman, Dr. Dauglish, Mr. Peek, and other gentle- 

 men, and the company genendly expressed themselves 

 highly gratified witli the view of the establishment, and 

 perfectly convinced of the superiority of tho plan to the 

 common mode of making bread and biscuit. 



THE TRADE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND 

 FRANCE, 



The avowed new policy of the French Emperor has 

 necessarily directed attention to the present and future 

 of our trade with France, and it may be well there- 

 fore to glance at the details — as far at least as relates 

 to those articles and products in which our readers arc 

 specially interested. Tlie total value of our direct 

 Britisli exports to France, exclusive of her Colonial 

 possessions, which in 1854 was but a little over 

 £3,000,000, sprung up in the three following years to 

 over £6,000,000, but dropped again in 1858 to below 

 £5,000,000. The imports of French goods, on the con- 

 trary, which had averaged in value about £10,000,000 

 in the three years ending in 1856, increased to nearly 

 .£12,000,000 in 1857, and rose to £13,272,000 in 

 li?58. 



Entering now more closely into the examination of 

 the trade between the two countries, we find firstly 

 thiit we have imported from thence the following live 

 stuck : 



Oxen and Cows and 



Bulls. Calves. Horses. 



1854 3561 2709 2292 



1855 2182 1158 744 



1856 1487 793 936 



1857 1909 657 703 



1858 1873 1452 781 



But we sent to France in return in the five years 8,142 

 horses, valued, according to the Parliamentary returns, 

 at £424,722; while the 5,456 horses we received from 

 them were only valued at £133,429. 



The import of French butter, which in 1854 stood at 

 45,656 cwt., had dropped in 1858 to £28,028. Eggs 

 have always been a large article of shipment from 

 France, and we continue to draw from thence in- 

 creased supplies yearly, as they are in large demand 

 not only as food, but for manufacturing uses. In 1858 

 the quantity is stated at 598,003 cubic feet, equal to 

 nearly 120 millions, of the value of £269,000 — a very 

 large sum to be disbursed for eggs, more than France 

 pays us ibr machinery of all kinds, and half as much 

 as she pays to British merchants for the whole of the 

 iron she takes. Of grain and meal we took from 

 France in 1858 818,251 qrs, of wheat and 411,156 qrs. 



of other grain, and 1,628,248 cwt. of flour. This last 

 was an exceptional instance, being five times the quan- 

 tity of flour we had imported from France in any of 

 the four previous years. 



AVe have drawn from France large quantities of flax 

 lately, the import having sprung up from 7,208 ewts. in 

 1854 to 24,857 cwts. in 1857, and 31,579 cwts. in 1858. 

 Of raw hides we take, on the average, 7,000 or 8,000 

 cwts. ; but in 1857 we bought of them more than 

 double that quantity. Dressed hides average about 

 a million pounds weight. We have been taking 

 of late years less madder and madder-root ; but of the 

 prepared dye-stuff, garancine, the imports are larger. 

 Of rape-oil we take now as much as 3,600 tuns an- 

 nually, valued at £158,546. Of oil and cakes we re- 

 ceived 9,655 tons in 1858, of the value of £80,479; 

 showing a gradual decline since 1855, when the im- 

 ports were 19,315 tons. Owing to the large quantity 

 of oil-seeds now crushed in this country, it is probable 

 that a larger quantity of cake is made and sold here. 



We only imported 3,260 cwts. of salt pork, as com- 

 pared with 15,000 to 20,000 cwts. in previous years. 

 The imports of tallow are large, from 23,000 to 30,000 

 cwts. The imports of sugar have been large from 

 France, and beet-root sugar would seem to be finding 

 its way more commotdy here. The imports of raw in 

 1858 reached 390,289 cwts., and of refined 66,703 cwts. 

 There was an enormous quantity of potatoes recei\ ed 

 from the French ports, reaching to upwards of 54,000 

 tons in 1858, while in previous years it had been merely 

 nominal. The imports of seeds, clover, grass, and 

 trefoil reached 68,287 cwts. Of wool we only import 

 small quantities from France, seldom exceeding a 

 quarter of a million pounds; although 1857 was an 

 exception, when we drew from thence nearly a million. 

 Lastly, we come to wine and spirits. The imports of 

 wine show a sensible decrease from 1,000,000 gallons in 

 1854, to 623,000 in 1858. Whether this arises from 

 decreased production and manufacture in France, or 

 decreased demand and consumption here, we cannot 

 state. Brandy shows a like enormous decrease. While 

 the exports of brandy to this country in 1854 were 

 nearly 3,000,000 gallons, in 1858 they were only 

 1,000,000. 



Thus much for our imports from France : let us see 

 what the French take from us in return. In the shape 

 of agricultural produce little or nothing. They used 

 to take some 6,000 or 7,000 barrels of beef and pork, 

 but these have dwindled to 237; 6,000 to 6,000 cwts. 

 of lard have dropped to 75. About 1 l,OLiO,000 pounds 

 of wool and 11,000 cwts. of dressed flax constitute all 

 the rest. The remainder of the shipments consist of 

 limited quantities of our manufactures. They are de- 

 pendent on us for a million and a quarter tons of coal, 

 the increasing wants of their steam-navy necessitating 

 additional foreign supplies. They take cotton manufac- 

 tures to the value of £300,000. Of iron they took above 

 £1,000,000 in value in 1856, and only £533.000 

 in 1858. Linen manufactures £150,000, silk manu- 

 factures £550,000, and woollen ditto about £500,0U0, 

 constitute the other chief exports. What exrension 

 may arise from the proposed new official regulations it 

 is difficult to predict, but it is to be hoped that our 

 trade and manufactures may be more benefited than 

 they have been by the very restricted commerce hitherto 

 carried on between two such wealthy and populous 

 neighbours. 



Mr. G. D. Badham has sold his Suffolk stallion Redshank, 

 by the Old Duke, out of Chester Emperor's dam, to go to the 

 Cape of Good Hope. 



