ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 153 



emerged. Ou October 20, after cold weather had set iu, all of the cages were 

 examined, and all of the living stages found were in the prepupal condition. 

 From this it appears that the species must hibernate in this form. 



" The pupal period varies in duration from 2 to 4 days, according to the 

 temperature. . . . The total developmental period varies from 20 to 28 or 

 30 days in the majority of individuals, although in those individuals of each 

 generation which hold over for a time after the normal time of emergence it 

 may be from twice to several times as long as this." 



A new ichneumonid parasite, described by Viereck^ as Hyperallus c'Mroce, 

 was reared from the larvse at Tallulah. The developmental period of this 

 parasite is somewhat longer normally than that of its host. It enters the 

 ground in the body of the host and develops within the pupal cell of the latter. 



The author advises the use of an arsenical spray, such as arsenate of lead, in 

 combating the pest. 



Note on eradication of ticks by the starvation method, H. E. Laws {Agr. 

 Jour. Union So. Africa, 1 (1911), No. Jf, pp. 570-579). — A report of experiments 

 conducted in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 360). 



Tables showing the role of South African ticks in the transmission of 

 pathogenic organisms and the longevity and developmental periods of the 

 various stages of these ticks are appended. 



Notes on the red spider attacking cotton in South Carolina, H. F. Wilson 

 (Jour. Econ. Ent., 4 (1911), No. 3, pp. 337-339). — In observations made at Bates- 

 burg, S. C, from May 6 to August 16, 1910, Tetranychus Umaculatus was found 

 to be altogether responsible for the damage to cotton. Observations of the life 

 history and bionomics of this species are reiwrted. 



The efficacy of glass traps for the capture of insects, A. Truelle (Rev. 

 Hort. [Parish, 82 (1910), No. 16, pp. 376, 377; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. 

 [Rome], Bui. Bur. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 2 (1911), No. 1, p. 252).— Less 

 than 7.5 per cent of the Lepidoptera captured at Eisgrub, Moravia, by means of 

 glass traps were injurious forms. 



The use of saponins in the preparation of insecticide emulsions, etc., G. 

 Gastine (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 152 (1911), No. 9, pp. 532-534; a6«- 

 in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Bui. Bur. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 2 

 (1911), No. 3, pp. 754, 755). — The fruit of Sapindus utilis, a tree which has 

 been cultivated for a long time in Algeria, contains in its fleshy pericarp more 

 than 50 per cent of a special saponin that is very soluble in water and alcohol. 

 It is pointed out that saponins, unlike soaps, are not readily decomposed or 

 precipitated by dilute acid liquids or by metallic bases, and can therefore be 

 used where soaps can not. Mention is made of the fact that alkaline soaps, 

 while giving stable emulsions, rapidly weaken the toxicity of oils of coal tar 

 and of crude petroleum. 



The author's experiments show that 20 gm. of powder of the pericarp of the 

 Sapindus seed in 10 liters of water is sufficient to emulsify 700 gm. of coal-tar 

 oil. The emulsion, which is very stable, is so fine that a very large proportion 

 of it passes through filter paper; under the microscope it has the appearance 

 of milk. Copper salts can be added to the emulsion of coal-tar oil without the 

 superficial tension of the liquid being increased. The following formula is 

 recommended: Water 10 liters, powder of Sapindus 20 gm., neutral acetate of 

 copper 100 gm., and a mixture of coal-tar oil and petroleum of 1.0 density 

 200 cc. 



The use of sodium cyanid, E. O. Essig (Pomona Col. Jour. Ent., 3 (1911), 

 No. 1, pp. 385-389, fig. i).— The author reports upon the use of sodium cyanid 



iProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 40 (1911), pp. 189, 190. 



