rOEESTRY. 241 



topography and drainage, water for fruit and farm lauds, water power, timber, 

 burns, grazing, mining, settlement, and permanent improvements. The timber 

 is considered relative to species and amount, forest types, insects and diseases, 

 market, and management. The methods which have been undertaken for the 

 conservation and proper utilization of these resources are also considered. 



Avalanches and forest cover in the Northern Cascades, T. T. Munger 

 (U. S. Dept. Agi\, Forest Serv. Circ. 173, pp. 12, pis. 31). — This comprises the 

 results of a field study conducted to determine to what extent, if any, the forest 

 cover prevents the formation of avalanches or lessens their severity. 



The subject matter is presented under the following genei-al headings : Kinds 

 of avalanches, avalanches in the Northern Cascades, character of avalanches in 

 the region studied, the relation of forest cover to the formation of slope slides, 

 the effect of forests in checking avalanches, protection forests in the Alps, and 

 preventive measures in the Northern Cascades. 



The 2 general classes of avalanches occurring in the Northern Cascades are 

 canyon slides and slope slides. Canyon slides, which form a great majority of 

 the aA'alanches, usually originate above timber line, or on precipitous, rocky 

 slopes where the development of a well-stocked forest is practically impossible. 

 On the other hand, it is concluded that slope slides, which frequently occur on 

 deforested areas, are unnecessary and preventable and their frequency can be 

 greatly lessened by observing the following 4 principles : Proper care of the 

 area now forested, especially absolute fire protection ; exclusion of grazing ; 

 careful cutting of timber on steep slopes; and reforestation of the denuded 

 areas. 



An example of afforestation in the French Vosges, G. Hatt (Ann. Sci, 

 Agron., 3. so:, 6 {Id 11), II, No. J/, pp. 2'i3-2'i7). — The more important data are 

 given of a successful attempt at afforestation in the Vosges. 



Reforestation on the National Forests. — I, Collection of seed. II, Direct 

 seeding, W. T. Cox ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Scrv. Bui. 98, pp. 51, pis. 7, figs. 

 5). — This bulletin contains an account of the work of the Forest Service in 

 reforesting unproductive lands of the National Forests by means of direct 

 seeding. The introductory remarks comprise a general review of the present 

 conditions on the National Forests and of the policy of the Forest Service with 

 regard to the reforestation of denuded areas. 



Part 1 discusses in detail the gathering, extracting, testing, and storage of 

 the seed; part 2 deals with methods of direct seeding and gives a number of 

 instances of successful direct seeding in various National Forests. The ap- 

 pendix contains notes on individual species with special reference to their use 

 in reforestation. 



The National Forest manual (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., 1011, pp. Jf.5). — 

 This comprises instructions to forest officers, issued by the Secretary of Agri- 

 culture to take effect November 1, 1911, and relating to forest plans, forest 

 extension, forest investigations, libraries, cooperation, and dendrology. 



Instructions to forest fire wardens and woodland owners regarding forest 

 fires, A. F. Hawes (T7. Forest Serv. Pub. 7, 1911, pp. 19, pis. 6).— The chief 

 purpose of this publication is to bring the new Vermont law relating to pro- 

 tection against forest fires to the attention of fire wardens and woodland owners. 



Preservation of timber from decay, W. F. Goltra (Railway and Engin. 

 Rev., 51 (1911), Nos. 1,0, pp. 874-877; U, pp. 900-903, fig. 1; rev. m Enffin. 

 Mag., J,2 (1911), No. 3, pp. 433-'i36) .—The author presents a brief outline of 

 Bethell's, Burnett's, and Rutgers's processes for preserving timber, as used 

 chiefly in this country. The processes are discussed and tabular data are given 

 showing results obtained in treating railway ties by each method. 



