ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 351 



thau are actually eaten. The pupae of Lepidoptera, especially those which are 

 destitute of a cocoon, suffer greatly from the inroads of the larvse of this Insect. 

 In fact, so far as the gipsy moth is concerned, it is probable that the destruc- 

 tion of the pupre is fully as great as that of the larvfe." In field colonies the 

 larvae of C sycophanta have been found attacking and killing adult females of 

 the gipsy moth. They apparently i^refer large caterpillars or pupae which have 

 a considerable amount of fatty matter in the body cavity. 



Larvae observed in May, 1908, required an average of 28 days to complete 

 their feeding while in June only 14 days were necessary, the number of cater- 

 pillars consumed in May being considerably greater than in June. It was found 

 impossible to induce the beetles of this genus to depart from their fixed habit 

 of developing only one generation in a single year. 



The distance which the larvae of this species penetrate the ground for the 

 purpose of forming their pupal chambers varies greatly, and seems to be gov- 

 erned largely by the character of the soil and the amount of moisture which 

 it contains. A record of 20 Calosoma pupae — 12 males and 8 females — ^which 

 made cavities, during the fall of 1908 and 1909, shows that they penetrated from 

 4 to 8 in. below the surface in outdoor cages. In observations of 8 larvae in 

 1910 the length of time from cessation of feeding until pupation actually took 

 place was found to be from 7 to 15 days, the average time being lOi days. 

 During the same year, the time spent in the pupal stage, based on records of 

 ]0 pupae, ranged from 12 to 15 days, the average being 13.4 days. The food of 

 the adult beetles is similar to that of the larvae. The highest number of eggs 

 laid in a single season by a female was 653, the next highest number recorded 

 being 514. The average for 144 females ovipositing during 1908, 1909, and 

 1910 was 128.4 eggs. The colonization work is described at length. 



The data presented show conclusively that this beneficial species is firmly 

 established in eastern Massachusetts, and although in most cases some traces 

 of the insect's presence have been found the year following planting, it takes 

 3 years or more before they are sufficiently abundant to attract attention. 

 " Its ability to survive and reproduce in New England has been clearly demon- 

 strated when it is stated that as a result of the planting of 13 adult and 14 

 larval colonies from 1906 to 1908, the presence of the beetle was found over an 

 area of about 9* square miles in the summer of 1909. During that year 3 

 adult and 29 larval colonies were liberated and in the summer of 1910 the 

 insects were found scattered over about 106* square miles in Massachusetts. 

 The aggregate rate of multiplication and dispersion increases with the age of 

 the colonies. Future observations will show the precise value of this insect 

 as an enemy of the gipsy moth." 



The blue pine Polygraphus bark borer (P. major), E. P. Stebbing ( [Indian 

 Forest Dept.], Ser. Forest Zool., Leaflet, 1910, No. 5, pp. 7, figs. 6). — ^An account 

 of the life history and habits of this beetle, its natural enemies, and remedial 

 measures. 



The cotton fields invaded, W. E. Hinds (N. Y. Tribune Farmer, 10 (1911), 

 No. 514, V- 18). — The exceptionally abundant occurrence of the cotton leaf worm 

 resulted in severe defoliation of cotton in Alabama. The author points out the 

 many advantages that powdered arsenate of lead has over Paris green in com- 

 bating this pest. 



A weevil enemy of Caravonica cotton, H. Moestatt (Pflanzer, 7 (1911), 

 No. 4, pp. 227- 230, pi. 1 ) . — This is a discussion of a weevil enemy of cotton that 

 was first observed by Zimmermann^ in Morogoro, German East Africa, in 

 October, 1910. The habits of this weevil and the injury caused appear to be 

 much similar to those of the Mexican cotton boll weevil. 



ipflanzer, 6 (1910), p. 271. 



