ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 453 



Insects injurious to stored grains, seeds, etc., with special reference to 

 their occurrence in Egypt, F. C. Willcocks (Yearbook Khediv. Agr. Soc. 

 Cairo, 1909, pp. 195-227, pi. 1). — This is a discussion of ttie granary and rice 

 weevil and the Angoumois grain moth, their injury to grain in Egypt, and 

 remedial measures. A list of other grain feeding insects known to occur in 

 Egypt, with notes on their life histories and economic importance, is appended. 

 The species thus noted are flour beetles (Tribolinm confusiim and T. ferrti- 

 gineiwi), the grain beetle (RhisopertJia pusilla), the drug store beetle (Sito- 

 flrepa panicea), the cigarette beetle, the cadelle, the saw-toothed grain beetle 

 (Silvanus surinamensis) , the corn cucujus (Cucujus sp.), Indian meal moth, 

 and meal moth (Pyralis farinalis). 



Tobacco insects of Tennessee, A. C. Morgan (Tennessee Sfa. Bui. 93, pp. 

 101-113, figs. 8). — While much of the data presented in this paper have been 

 noted from other sources (E. S. II., 23, p. 465), it is in part supplementary. 

 The tobacco flea beetle (Epitrix parvula), cutworms, and hornworm {Phlege- 

 thontius sexta) are the pests dealt with. 



While it has been a commonly accepted belief that the abundant occurrence 

 of hornworms in late July and August is due to a second generation, the 

 author states that such is not the case. In 1909 but 11 per cent of the hiber- 

 nating pupse had emerged by July 10 and in 1910 only 3 per cent had emerged 

 prior to this date. It has been found that 50 per cent of the emergence in 

 1909 took place between the dates of July 29 and August 9, and that in 1910 

 52 per cent of the total emergence occurred between the dates of July 30 and 

 August 12. " Exi^eriments carried on at Clarksville, Tenn., for 2 seasons 

 showed that of the 5,000 tobacco worms placed in hibernation under natural 

 conditions in 1908, only 32.4 per cent emerged the following season. In the 

 hibernation experiments in 1909 over 3,000 larvae were used. Of these only 

 16.4 per cent emerged in 1910. The smaller percentage of emergence in 1910 

 is undoubtedly due to the exceptionally severe winter of 1909-10." In experi- 

 ments in 1908 in which hornworm pupce were placed in cages in September, it 

 was found that under normal conditions 78 per cent died during hibernation, 

 whereas in cages In which the soil was plowed in November 98.6 per cent died. 

 In 1910 the mortality in the plowed cage reached 100 per cent. The experi- 

 ments conducted show that disking does not increase the mortality of the 

 hibernating form to anything like the extent that plowing does, since survival 

 from the disked cages was 9.3 per cent. 



The author has found that powdered arsenate of lead, when specially pre- 

 pared for use upon tobacco, can be applied in place of Paris green with no 

 injury to the plant. By using this form of arsenic the injury to tobacco that 

 frequently results in raiuy weather from the washing of Paris green into the 

 axils of the leaves and into the wounds made , by the breaking out of the 

 suckers, or by collecting along the midribs of the leaves, can be avoided. It 

 is estimated that with 2 or 3 applications of Paris green practically all the 

 hand picking can be dispensed with and at a cost not greater than $1 to $1.50 

 per acre. Experiments performed by the author in 1910 with arsenate of lead 

 show that 4 or 5 lbs. per acre must be applied to give as good insecticidal 

 results as can be obtained by an application of 11 lbs. per acre of Paris green. 

 He finds that Paris green in the dust form can not be applied as evenly or 

 thoroughly when mixed with a carrier. A carrier is absolutely necessary when 

 arsenate of lead is applied, and he advises that only freshly burned and there- 

 fore very dry, finely sifted wood ashes be used for this purpose. An abso- 

 lutely even and thorough application must be mad^ to insure success, and can 

 not be made with lime as a carrier, 



