458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



within tlio chrysalids. This is the more astonishing from the fact that the 

 female Meraporus certainly finds the fluid sucketl from these chrysalids nutri- 

 tious, and from the fact that such females lived for 2 weeks or longer on no 

 other food. . . . Puncturing of Pieris chrysalids is plainly in response to an 

 ovipositing impulse; for they will oviposit in smears of fluid from these chrys- 

 alids; or in drops of such fluid on cover glasses. The impulse to oviposition 

 and the impulse to feeding are plainly closely allied ; for the female will either 

 oviposit in or feed on fluid from chrysalids." Both the male and female Mera- 

 porus, with or without oviposition or copulation, may easily be kept alive for 

 3 or more months if they are fed honey water, but they will not survive unfed 

 for more than from 3 to 5 days at an average temperature of 70° F. 



Three additional parasites of the codling moth, namely, Aenoplex sp., Pimpla 

 sp., and Tetrastichus sp., were studied. Males and females of the species 

 Tetrastichus lived for several days when kept at temperatures between 70° 

 and 80° F. without access to food. Both males and females lived for several 

 months when kept supplied with honey water. 



The flfth species studied was Pteromalus puparum, a parasite of the cabbage 

 w^orm (Ficris rapa'). Males of this species do not live much longer than 3 days 

 unless fed, but when fed honey water they live for from 4 to 6 weeks. Unfed 

 females will not survive over 4 days, but will live on the fluid from punctures 

 in chrysalids for 1, 2, or even 3 weeks. " Females constantly fed on honey 

 water and given opportunities for oviposition, may live for 2 months or more 

 on the mixed diet so obtained. Two months from their date of emergence, 

 after many ovipositions, they will still oviposit successfully. Females fed honey 

 water, but given no chance to oviposit, may live for 2 months or even 3, prob- 

 ably even longer than those which have been fed honey water but given oppor- 

 tunities for oviposition. Oviposition is plainly an automatic reaction to an 

 olfactory stimulus. The antennte probably receive this stimulus, though the 

 mouth parts may have a part in its reception." 



The sixth species studied was Microbracon juglandis, a parasite of Ephestia 

 kvchniella. " Males in copulation or not may be kept alive for an indefinite 

 number of months at temperatures close to 70° F. if fed honey water. If not 

 so fed, they die in a week or 10 days. Females live longer than males under 

 these conditions. Females not fed at all die In from 11 to 15 days at the tem- 

 peratures quoted. At freezing temperatures the/ will live without food for 4 

 months or more. When fed honey water they may live 3 or even 4 months in 

 oviposition on caterpillars of E. kuehniella. When fed honey water and given 

 no chance to oviposit, they will live for an undetermined number of months. 

 The ovipositing female punctures the Ephestia caterpillar from time to time 

 with the ovipositor, and feeds on fluids which she sucks from such punctures. 

 Females will live for many weeks in oviposition on fluids sucked from cater- 

 pillars on which their own maggot-larvae may be developing. A little group 

 now under observation have lived thus for 75 days and are still alive and 

 active." 



Millipedes destroying' veg'etables, C. French (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 

 9 (1911), No. 8, p. 5.'t9). — The spraying of vegetable leaves with arsenate of 

 lead and digging them into the soil, and the application of benzol emulsion to 

 the soil are said to be of use in combating millipedes. 



The cattle tick as affected by climate (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 94, pp. 119-164, 

 figs. 42). — This bulletin consists of 2 parts. 



Life history imcstigations, E. C. Cotton (pp. 119-131).— The life history in- 

 vestigations reported, extending over a period of 5 years under various condi- 

 tions as to exposure, temperature, etc., at Knoxville. have proved that cold is 

 the climatic factor which destroys the cattle tick. Thus whenever the tempera- 



