514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



use for siicli reductions is fully set forth by Prof. F. H. Bigelow" (E. S. R., 

 23, p. 419). 



Meteorological summaries for the year 1909 (Kentucky Sfa. Rpl. 1009, 

 pp. Jf27-^30). — Summaries of observations at the State University, Lexington, 

 on pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, wind movement, and num- 

 ber of thunderstorms, snows, hail, and fog are reported. 



Meteorolog'ical summary for the year 1910 {Wyo^ninr/ 81a. lipt. I'Jll, pp. 

 8^1-91). — Tables are given which summarize observations during 20 years on 

 air temperature and precipitation and during 1910 on temperature, pressure, 

 precipitation, humidity, sunshine and cloudiness, and solar radiation, at Lara- 

 mie, Wyo. A record of soil temperature at depths of 6, 12, 36, and 72 in. 

 during 1906 to 1910 is also given. 



The mean temperature of the air during 1910 was 43.8° F., the maximum, 

 89°, July 14, and the minimum, —14°, February 14. The average barometric 

 pressure was 23.089 in. The total precipitation was 10.45 in., while the average 

 temperature for the year was 3.6° above normal and for the growing season 

 slightly above normal. Crops were injured by frequent summer frosts, namely, 

 on May 2 and 3, June 4 and 9, and August 25. The precipitation for the year 

 was about normal. 



Frost and temperature conditions in the cranberry marshes of Wisconsin, 

 H. J. Cox {U. S. Drpt. Agr., Weather Bur. Bui. T, pp. 121, figs. 31).— A com- 

 parison is made of cultural and meteorological conditions in Massachusetts, 

 New Jersey, and Wisconsin where cranberries are grown, and investigations 

 which were made during the years 1906 to 1909 at Cranmoor, Mather, Berlin, 

 and Cameron in the Wisconsin cranberry growing region are reported. 



These investigations included observations on the general meteorological con- 

 ditions prevailing in the cranberry bogs and adjacent uplands and studies of 

 the effect of sanding, draining, flooding, and cultivating the bogs on the temper- 

 ature conditions both of the soil and of the air above the bogs. The results sbow 

 clearly that sanding, draining, and cultivating the bogs materially modify low 

 night air temperatures, but it is explained that the Wisconsin cranberry grow- 

 ers do not sand their marshes because of the expense involved and the belief 

 that cranberries of better quality are grown without sanding. 



From a study of the general and local conditions necessary for frost in the 

 marshes the conclusion was reached that " ordinarily areas of high barometer 

 do not bring frosts to the cranberry marshes of Wisconsin in the midsummer 

 months, even though they are of considerable magnitude, have comparatively 

 low temperature, and move across the northern tier of States. . . . Should 

 the maximum temperature in the shelter be below 70° on any day, and be fol- 

 lowed at night by clear sky and light wind, barometer above normal and rising, 

 there is strong probability that frost will follow in the bogs, especially if the 

 pressure reaches a height of 30.20 in. or more and the center of the high passes 

 over Wisconsin or the Lake Superior region. . . . The relation between the 

 temperature of the soil and the occurrence of frost is noticeable in that it is 

 practically impossible for frost to occur in the bogs on the first cool night 

 following a warm spell, but it is likely, if conditions are favorable, on the 

 second night after the soil has become cold. . . . The soil being cold in the 

 spring and early summer, and again in the fall, frost is more likely to occur 

 then, regardless of the accompanying conditions of atmospheric temperature 

 and pressure. That is, the ground being cold, frost will occur in the marshes 

 in May and early in June under the influence of areas of high pressure and 

 accompanying low temperature that would be far from sufBcient to cause frost 

 during the midsummer months, when heat has been stored up in the soil. The 

 length of the nights is also very important in estimating the probability of the 



