540 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 



number of fuel oils, including stove distillate, slop distillate, Richmond smudge 

 oil, and crude oil when burning in various types of smudge pots. The data are 

 presented in tabular form and the results are summarized. 



Parthenogenesis among fruit blossoms as a protection against damage 

 from frost and insects, R. Ewert (Zlschr. Pflanzenkrank., 21 (1911), No. -'/, 

 pp. 193-199). — In continuation of previous investigations of parthenogenetic 

 fruit (E. S. R., 24, p. 340), the author studied 2 varieties of pears with special 

 reference to the influence of frost and insect attacks on the fruitfulness of 

 parthenogenetic blossoms. 



From the data secured the conclusion is drawn that for varieties of fruit 

 which have particular parthenogenetic tendencies, fruiting is not materially 

 interfered with by either frost or insect attack. With such fruit as apples, 

 among which parthenogenesis is not so frequent, the breeding of new varieties 

 possessing this characteristic is recommended. 



Apples of the colder regions of the United States and Canada, W. T. 

 Macoun {Cornell Countryman, 9 (1912), No. 5, pp. 135-137). — A brief account 

 of the varieties of apples which have originated in and have proven adapted to 

 the colder parts of the United States and Canada. 



An apple orchard survey of Ontario County, Harriett M. Martin (New 

 York Cornell Sta. Bui. 301, pp. 163-215, pi. 1, figs. 10).— This bulletin reports 

 the fourth of a series of orchard surveys being made of the apple-gi-owing coun- 

 ties of New York (E. S. R., 23, p. 538). The field work was conducted imder 

 the supervision of C. S. Wilson and the task of collating and tabulating, as 

 well as drawing conclusions from the data, was executed by the author. An 

 appendix contains a discussion of statistical methods as applied to orchard 

 surveys, and a brief bibliography relating to statistical methods. 



The complete survey consisted of 391 orchards covering an area of approxi- 

 mately 2,700 acres. Owing to incomplete returns secured in many instances, 

 however, the results are tabulated from 3 different groupings of orchards. 

 Group 1 comprises the data on 161 orchards for which complete returns of 

 yield and nicome for the years 1904 to 1907 inclusive were recorded. With 

 this group as a basis, deductions are made relative to the influence of the 

 various factors in orchard condition and management on yield and income per 

 acre. In group 2 are included the available data from the 391 orchards con- 

 cerning the distribution of orchards and general orchard management. Group 3 

 consists of 315 orchards for which yield and income were reported for 1907 

 and 1908. 



The 4-year average yield for group 1 is 58.4 bbls. per acre and the 4-year 

 average income $111.51. Less than 50 per cent of the orchards produced mure 

 than 60 bbls. or more than $120 per acre. The smaller orchards ran higher 

 in both yield and income than the general average, while the larger orchards 

 ran below. Orchards which have been kept in good condition gave the best 

 results. Orchards situated on level ground gave the highest yield and income, 

 while those sloping to the west were the lowest in the scale. Within the 

 range of elevation included (500 to 1,100 ft.) there appeared to be no relation 

 between the elevation and the yield and income. About 79 per cent of the 

 orchards contained trees 30 years old or more and 14 per cent were 50 years 

 old or more. The greatest 4-year average yield occurred in the group of 

 orchards between 25 and 29 years of age, which produced 65.3 bbls. per acre. 

 Trees between 40 and 44 years of age gave the best 4-year average income of 

 $128.15 per acre. The low yield and income from old trees is attributed chiefly 

 to neglect of various kinds. 



The chief commercial varieties planted in the county are Baldwin, Rhode 

 Island, Northern Spy, Tompkins King, and Roxbury. Practically all of the 



