ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 557 



go deeper into the wood, and remain tlirough tlie winter 2 inclies or more be- 

 neath the bark. They pupate in their burrows the second spring, and before 

 the moth emerges the pupa works itself partly out of the opening, and the adult 

 flies away, leaving the empty case protruding from the burrow. 



" There are few natural checks, only one parasite being known in this country 

 and four in Europe. It is believed, however, that certain birds, especially 

 woodpeckers, prevent the spread of the leopard moth in the open country. 

 Many larvae are doubtless killed by the breaking off of the branches, which 

 in cities are carted away and destroyed. 



"Removing infested branches, injecting carbon disulphid (bisulphid) into 

 the burrows, and stopping the opening, and probing with a hooked wire for the 

 larva are some of the methods of control. 



" Planting species of trees not badly infested, like oaks, honey locust and 

 sycamore, and especially those kinds that do not grow very large and have a 

 smooth bark ; placing trees farther apart, so that the larvae can not easily crawl 

 from one to the other ; and keeping the trees well nourished and vigorous, are 

 the chief preventive measures." 



A bibliography of 84 titles is appended. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 

 21, p. 458). 



A parasite of the eggs of the cochylis and eudemis moths, P. Mabchal and 

 J. Feytaud (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 153 {1911), No. lit, pp. 633-636, 

 fig. 1). — ^An egg parasite of the cochylis and eudemis moths found during 

 August and September in the Departments of Saone-et-Loire, Gironde, and 

 Dordogne has been identified as OophtJiora semiUdis. This si>ecies has been 

 recorded by Vassiliew,"' under the name Penta/iihron carpocapsw, as develop- 

 ing in the eggs of various moths, including Malacosoma neustria, Euproctis 

 vhrysorrhcea, and DendroUmus pini, and by Schreiner ° under the same name as 

 parasitizing 65 per cent of the eggs of Carpocapsa pomoneUa, in orchards in 

 Astrakhan, Russia. It has also been recorded as parasitizing the eggs of 

 Elamestra hrassicw, of the neuropteron Semblis lutria, and of the tenthredinid 

 Lyda stellata. 



The plum leaf -miner (Nepticula slingerlandella), C. R. Crosby {New York 

 Cornell Sta. Bui. 308, pp. 219-227, flgs. lit). — This is a report of studies com- 

 menced by the late M. V. Slingerland in October, 1907, and continued by the 

 author. 



The plum leaf-miner is an enemy of the plum that first came to attention in 

 an orchard at Rochester in 1907, at which time the infestation was reported to 

 have been increasing for a number of years. A brief account of the occurrence 

 of the pest by Slingerland has previously been noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 654). 



On hatching from the egg tlie larva penetrates the tissue of the leaf and 

 first eats a narrow linear mine an inch or less in length, then widens the mine 

 so as to produce an irregular, more or less ovate blotch about i in. long. The 

 part of the leaf so injured turns brownish and dies. From 3 to 12 mines are 

 often found in a single leaf. The trees become partially defoliated and the 

 fruit may fall prematurely. When continued for a series of years this injury 

 tends to weaken the vitality of the tree and to injure the size and quality of 

 the crop. The pest has shown a decided preference for certain varieties : 

 German and Italian prunes are most severely infested; French and Shropshire 

 Damsons are less subject to attack, although some years ago the former variety 

 was badly infested; Diamond, Bradshaw, Lombard', and Rheinclaude are nearly 

 immune. 



°Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., 3 (1907), Nos. 7, p. 219; 12, p. 386. 



