RURAL ECONOMICS. 687 



tion between the increase of tenancy and the inci'ease in the wze of the farm, 

 also in the tyi>e of farming. Maps illustrate the increase of tenancy in the pro- 

 duction of corn, this being attributed more to the inability of the tenant to enter 

 the more profitable business of stock raising than to any other cause. The 

 author concludes, "that the system of farming is a factor equally important, if 

 not more important, than the price of land in turning the scale in favor of 

 ownership or in favor of tenancy." 



Tenancy in the North Atlantic States, B. H. Hibbard (Quart. Jour. Econ., 

 26 (1911), No. 1, pp. 105-117). — This article contrasts the status of tenancy in 

 the North Atlantic States with that of the North Central States noted above, 

 following very much the same method. Further discussions relate to the per- 

 centage of selected crops grown by tenants in ditferent States, and the relation 

 between dairy farming, live stock raising, and fruit growing and tenancy. 



A general decrease in tenancy is noted in the North Atlantic States during 

 the past decade, this being attributed to a combination of causes. " The most 

 important of these are, first, the low price of land per acre; second, a set of 

 circumstances resulting in comparatively small fai-ms, these two facts combin- 

 ing to gi-ve a low value to the farm as a unit ; third, the relatively small amount 

 of farming such as lends itself easily to a system of tenancy, and in its stead a 

 type requiring ownership of the land in order to insure good results." 



Ownership or tenancy of agricultural land, edited by W. Broomhall 

 (Country Gent. Estate Boole, 1911, pp. 7'//-7'9). — This article presents a dis- 

 cussion of the advisability, from an agricultural point of view, of changing 

 from a tenant system of farming to that of occupying ownership, showing that 

 there were in Great Britain on June 4, 1909, 62,063 holdings owned or mainly 

 owned, and 447,108 holdings rented or mainly rented. 



Concrete illustrations are given to show that a change from position of tenant 

 to that of owner would not be beneficial financially to the average farmer in 

 Great Britain, because of the larger amount of capital required. It is noted, 

 however, that the conditions of climate, mode of life, and similar factors should 

 be considered, as these may be such in some countries as to warrant ownership 

 in preference to tenancy. 



A method of making' a social survey of a rural community, C. J. Galpin 

 (Wisconsin t<ta. Circ. Inform. 29, pp. 11, figs. 2). — This circular outlines a 

 method for making a social survey of any rural community and mapping the 

 results. The work of such a survey is described as an inventory of the im- 

 portant social activities of the community, displayed in such a way as to show 

 how far every home is participating in the social life of the community. It is 

 maintained that such a survey is calculated to lead toward a readjustment of 

 the social structure of the community, and to produce a balanced social life that 

 will fit the whole community and meet its larger needs. 



Agricultural societies — wages of farm laborers [in Jamaica], J. D. Dreher 

 (Daily Com. and Trade Bpts. [U. -Sf.], 15 (1912), No. Uf, pp. 276, 277).— The 

 work of the Jamaica agricultural society, which has affiliated with it 73 branch 

 societies, is described, as that of investigations, holding conferences, offering 

 premiums, distributing seeds and circulars of instruction, making appropria- 

 tions for lectures, practical demonstrations, supix)rting 4 traveling instructors, 

 and publishing a monthly journal with a circulation of 4,000 copies. 



Although there is increased interest in agricultural improvement and general 

 prosperity of the island, farm wages are as a rule low, usually 36 cts. a day 

 for men and 24 cts. for women, without meals. " In recent years many laborers 

 have gone from Jamaica to the Canal Zone, Costa Rica, and other places to 

 get better wages." 



3S03S°— No. 7—12 7 



