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THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 



the same objection which attended that of the Marquis 

 of Tweeddale's — namely, oblique cutting — was found to 

 exist. This has been obviated by giving the cutter the 

 same speed as the running pipe. Another difficulty arose 

 in the use of plain rollers, when simply non -adhesive 

 clays were operated upon. These were taken up by the 

 rollers uniformly, so that the chamber not being kept 

 filled, the pipes issued from the dies in a non-com- 

 pressed state : this difficulty was observed by grooving the 

 periphery of the rollers. In November 30th, 1850, (No. 

 13,376,) Mr. Ainslie took out a third patent for " em- 

 ploying two or more series of circular plates or discs, 

 fixed on spindles or shafts, with the discs of one series 

 entering between the discs of the next series, and re- 

 volving in the opposite direction, for crushing and 

 grinding earths, clays, or other materials used in the 

 manufacture of bricks, &c." 



Returning to the chronological arrangement of patents 

 we find, under date December 3rd, 1842 (No. 9,538), 

 the patent granted to William Frederick Emeredge, for 

 an apparatus in which the clay could be at once pre- 

 pared and formed into the desired shape, the operation 

 being continuous. The clay is taken from its natural 

 bed and passed into the pug mill, in which works an 

 " upright spindle 3 inches square in which are set six 

 arms, each 65 inches broad, except the first from the 

 bottom, which is generally 7 inches. This arm is placed 

 to sweep over the dies within 3-16ths of an inch, the 

 second at such a distance as will convey the clay to the 

 first, and so on to the top. These are all set at an 

 angle of 40 degrees." 



In continuation of our summary of inventions relating 

 to drain tiles and pipes, we have now to notice the well- 

 known patents granted to Henry Clayton. The first 

 of these is under date March 30, 1844 (No. 10,132); 

 the date of the second being Dec. 19, 1851 (No. 13,804). 

 The principle of action of the machines made under 

 these patents is very simple and efficient. The clay is 

 fed into the cylinder or body of the machine, in which 

 it is well incorporated, and is then carried down 

 through " screening or cleaning plates" into a cham- 

 ber from whence it is compressed through the moulding- 

 orifices. Where pipes are made they are passed 

 vertically from the machine, tiles passing out hori- 

 zontally. The " screening plates" form an important 

 feature in the patentee's machines; the kind usually 

 adopted by him having conical perforations. These 

 plates clean the clay quickly from all stones'and other 

 extraneous matter. In an improved ibrm of pipe and 

 tile machine, introduced by the patentee, the screening- 

 plates are kept constantly freed from all refuse by the 

 cylinder moving away from the plates after each charge, 

 conveying away with them the refuse matters. This 

 arrangement obviates the necessity of taking out the 

 " plates' in order to clean them at intervals. A con- 

 tinuous filling and discharging of the clay is kept up 

 by the employment of two cylinders. In Mr. Clayton's 

 last patent he claims " improved dies or moulds for 

 forming large pipes and other articles, the cores 

 whereof are supported in such a manner as to leave a 

 clear space for the material over and through the 



moulding-orifice." In this arrangement the '•' core" 

 is suspended by a stem, instead of being carried, as in 

 other machines, by a thick bar or bars over the 

 moulding-orifice; thus avoiding all cutting and splitting 

 of the pipes. Another claim in the patent referred to 

 is for "producing socket and other joints in pipes and 

 other articles by forming such articles with an enlarge- 

 ment and extra thickness of material at the end or 

 sides, and when requisite (and previously to burning) 

 removing a portion of the material from the enlarged 

 or thickened end, side, or sides." To effect this " cut- 

 ting" the patentee claims " tools or apparatus for 

 cutting square, rebated, grooved, tongued, bevelled, 

 chambered, or other form of jointings, on pipes, tiles, 

 and other articles." By these plans the patentee 

 is enabled to form all socketed pipes out of the solid 

 clay, obviating the necessity of forming the body of the 

 pipe and the socket in two pieces, thereafter joining 

 them together; apian which often resulted in a defective 

 joint. 



In the patent granted (April 18th, 1844, No. 

 10,147), to John Bailey Denton, a method of making 

 tiles and pipes is specified, in which two screws are 

 combined, which act simultaneously in pressing the 

 clay either through suitable moulding orifices, or into 

 a chamber or chambers, from which it is forced through 

 suitable orifices by other apparatus. 



On July 30th, 1844 (No. 10,276), a patent was 

 granted to William Ford, for improvements in ma- 

 chinery for making tubes and drain tiles, "by foi-cing 

 the clay through suitable moulding orifices by the 

 action of a piston working in a chamber into which the 

 clay is introduced." At this period, what are now so 

 widely used and known as " socket pipes " were not 

 introduced. The drain tubes had nothing to secure 

 their connection when laid in the drain continuously, 

 but the ends were simply brought in contact with each 

 other ; very slight disturbing influences, therefore, 

 tended to displace them and destroy the continuity of 

 the water-channel. Mr. Ford endeavoured to obviate 

 this by forming a socket in the extremity of each pipe, 

 into which the small end of the contiguous pipe could 

 be inserted. A claim was made for the apparatus em- 

 ployed for this j)urpose in the patent above noticed. 

 A brief description of its peculiarities may be here in- 

 teresting. The tube or pipe is formed in the ordinary 

 way, not with an excess of length over that required 

 when finished. A "mandril" and a "mould- box" 

 are provided, the diameter of the former being such as 

 to admit of the tube or pipe passing over it ; a shoulder 

 is provided at one end of the mandril, against which 

 the tube rests; a stop is made in the mould-box, of the 

 same form as the socket intended to be given to the 

 pipe. The lower end of the pipe to be socketed is 

 placed against this stop ; the mandril inserted in the 

 upper end of the box is then closed, and the mandril 

 forced down, which drives the excess of clay into tho 

 moulded stop, thus forming the socket. This method 

 of forming the socket is different from, and has the 

 priority of date of that patented by Mr. Clayton (No. 

 13,864). We may here notice another method of 



