THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 



313 



joining lengths of pipes by forming them with " in- 

 dented or jugged ends, so that they will interlock and 

 support each other and be prevented from getting out 

 of one continuous line." This formed one of the claims 

 of the patent granted to Jas. Smith and Wm. Gaichar 

 Jolly, dated Aug. 29th, 1844 (No. 10,299). It will be 

 remembered that in the second patent we noticed (No. 

 480, June 28th, 1725) a method was described for 

 forming the ends of the pipes conically ; so that the 

 " tapered" end of one fitted the " bore end" of the 

 other. Robert Beart, in his patent (dated April 24th, 

 1845, No. 10,036), also claims a method for making 

 the line of pipes continuous, " by making holes or 

 recesses in the ends for the reception of wood or metal 

 pegs whereby they may be connected together and re- 

 tained at the same level." In the same patent Mr. 

 Beart claims an apparatus for making drain-tiles, the 

 arrangements of which deserve notice here, as, under 

 some modifications, machines fitted with them have 

 turned out very superior work. The machine consists 

 " of a horizontal trunk, or chamber, into which the 

 clay is introduced, and ia then forced by a piston 

 through moulding orifices in the end of the trunk. A 

 grating is fixed across the trunk, near the moulding 

 orifices, to intercept any stones which may be in the 

 clay ; and the piston is made hollow to receive such 

 stones. The surface of the grating is kept free from 

 stones by means of a knife or scraper, worked by a 

 lever ; and by raising a plug, air is admitted into the 

 space caused by the knife or scraper between the clay 

 and the grating, so as to facilitate the return of the 

 piston." 



In the patent (dated July 6th, 1846, No. 11,282) 

 granted to "F. Ransome and J. C. B. Warren, a machine 

 is described for making tiles " having two horizontal 

 fixed cylinders," each supplied with moulding orifices 

 at one end, and with doors at the opposite part for the 

 supply of clay; the clay is forced through each set of 

 dies alternately by the action of two pistons fixed at 

 opposite ends of a bar. By appropriate gearing the 

 continuous motion of a pinion gives an alternate motion 

 to the pistons in opposite directions. 



Mr. Thomas Spencer, in his patent dated April 10th, 

 1848 (No. 12,115), proposes to use the direct action of 

 steam-pi'essure upon clay, or other plastic materials, for 

 manufacturing pipes or tubes. " One upright steam- 

 cylinder (furnished with a suitable slide-valve) is fixed 

 on a frame above the cylinder which receives the clay, 

 and its piston-rod extends downwards through a stuffing 

 box, and carries another piston, by the descent whereof 

 the clay is forced through a dod or die at the bottom 

 of the clay-cylinder." In the same patent a claim is 

 made for a method of forming or turning curves or 

 bends in pipes. 



The principal features of the patent granted to B. A. 

 Burton (dated June 7th, 1849, No. 12,645) is a 

 method for "consolidating the particles" composing 

 pipes, tiles, &c. The patentee effects this consolida- 

 tion by taking the pipe as it emerges from the moulding 

 orifice, and passing it through a set of four rollers, 

 having their peripheries turned to such a shape that 



when placed together they will form a circular hole 

 somewhat smaller in diameter than the pipe which is 

 to be compressed." 



In place of clay, Thomas Earl of Dundonald pro- 

 poses to form drain tubes, &c., &c., of the bitumen 

 petroleum, or natural pitch of Trinidad and of the 

 British North American colonies (the date of this 

 patent is July 22nd, 1851, No. 13,698). Another 

 patentee, William Gilbert Elliott (patent dated October 

 5th, 1852, No. 238, under the Patent Law Amend- 

 ment Act, 1852), proposes to make bricks, tiles, pipes, 

 &c. " from the slag of the smelting or blast furnaces of 

 iron-works, or from a fluid mass of the nature of such 

 slag by running the same into moulds, and pressing, 

 stamping, or rolling, and gradually cooling or anneal- 

 ing the moulded masses." 



In the pipes formed by the method patented by W. 

 B. Whitton and G. S. Whitton, the sides are not solid, 

 as usual, but have longitudinal openings — the object 

 being to cause the pipes to dry and burn better than 

 when made solid. To carry out this plan, a number of 

 small cores are placed round the main one (the date of 

 the patent is February 15th, 1853, No. 396). Pipes 

 containing a less quantity of clay than usual, but pos- 

 sessed of the same strength, are professed to be made 

 by the method patented by M. H. Blanchard — (under 

 date February 26th, 1853, No. 488) — which consists in 

 making two pipes one within the other, with an 

 annular space between them, the outer and inner pipes 

 being connected together by narrow partitions which 

 run longitudinally along the annular space. The pipes 

 have no flanges or sockets, but are connected together 

 simply by passing dowells into the annular spaces 

 at the opposite ends of each pipe. 



The patent granted to John Heritage (dated August 

 17th, 1853, No. 1921) describes the "application of 

 a mould, die, or mouthpiece containing water, in front 

 of, and in addition to, the ordinary moulding orifices," 

 so that the stream of clay after being wetted with 

 the water shall be smoothed by passing through the 

 mouthpiece. 



In making tiles, tubes, or hollow bi'icks by the 

 machine patented by Humphrey Chamberlain (under 

 date November 8th, 1853, No. 2591), "two or more 

 grooved rollers are placed in front of the opening of 

 a pug-mill or other expressing machine, so as to form 

 the mouthpiece or die ; and cores or mandrils are fixed 

 to enter between the grooved rollers. As the plastic 

 clay is expressed, it puts the roller in motion, and the 

 moulded tube, tile, or brick is received by an endless 

 cloth, and carried to the cutting apparatus. 



The patent of Bewicke Blackburn (dated June 8, 

 1854, No. 1260) proposes to form pipes by binding and 

 cementing small slates together in a cylindrical form, so 

 arrangeij as to brink -joint with each other, hoop-iron or 

 wire being used to bind the pieces together ; the whole 

 being cemented with asphalte or other suitable cement- 



G. H. Byerley in his patent (dated June 20, 1854> 

 No. 1354) proposes to manufacture tiles, pipes, &c., 

 from " clay or brick earth in a dry or partially dry 



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