ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 59 



poinsettia, oleander, violets, litchi, and klu. P. filamentosus, which is probably 

 the most destructive coccid in the Islands, attacking hibiscus, mulberry, grape, 

 and citrus trees, has been a pest of cotton for several years. 



The worst insect enemy of cotton is the Hawaiian bollworm {Gelechia gossy- 

 liiclla) which primarily attacks the boll, although the immature worms some- 

 times enter the ovary and devour the young ovules preventing the normal form- 

 ing of the boll, which either di'ops or opens prematurely, before the lint has 

 been formed. In the boll it causes premature opening, rotting, and soiling of 

 the lint. In a planting where no effort was made to control the pest it was esti- 

 mated that 50 per cent of the bolls and about 15 per cent of the seeds were in- 

 fested. For practical reasons the use of artificial remedies is not advised at the 

 present time. The regular destruction of infested boUs by burning; severe 

 pruning, and bui-ning after the last picking in the fall; the collection and burn- 

 ing of all fallen bolls; ginning soon after picking, etc., are recommended. The 

 parasite Clielonus bluckburni li;is been bred by the author from this pest. 

 Heliothis obsolcta has not as yet been found to attack cotton, although it often 

 infests corn and has occasionally been bred from other plants. Its parasites 

 are so efficient that it is not expected that it will become an important factor in 

 cotton production in the Islands. 



The leaf-folding caterpillar ArchipH postvittanus does some injury to the 

 foliage. The larva of the phycitid Cryptoblabes alirna has been found upon 

 cotton, an undetermined species of the genus Myelois has been bred from 

 infested cotton bolls, and Sinoxylon cpnigerum has been found to bore in cotton 

 stems. 



Under minor pests the author mentions a thrips as being commonly found in 

 the blossoms, but apparently the source of little injury. A red spider (Tct- 

 ranychus sp. ) commonly found on the foliage of bolls is probably responsible for 

 some spotting, A psocid and 3 coleopterous species are connnonly found about 

 cotton. 



I'nder beneficial insects found in cotton fields, the author mentions a number 

 of lady beetles, Syrphus flies, and several predaceous hemiptera. The impor- 

 tance of strict quarantine measures with regard to imported seed or cotton 

 stock is emi)hasized. The most promi^^ing field for improvement in conditions 

 is thought to lie in cultural methods. 



Contribution to the knowledge of the injurious olive insects and their 

 natural enemies, G. Martelli, F. Silvestri and L. Masi {Bol. Lab. Zool. Gen. 

 e Ayr. R. Sciioht Sup. Ayr. Portici, 2 {1908), pp. 1-358, fiys. 151). — A collection 

 of ai'ticles from the entomological laboratory at Portici. 



A note is given on the feeding habits (pp. 3-12) and another on the number 

 of generations (pp. 13-17) of the olive fly. The ectophagus hymenopterous 

 parasites of the olive fly obs-erved up to the present time in southern Italy, and 

 their importance in combating this pest, are discussed at length (pp. 18-82), 

 Dinarmus dacicida, described as new, and Eulophus longulus, Eupelmus uro- 

 zonus, and Eurytoma rosce are the species considered. Tables are included for 

 their separation in larval, pupal, and adult stages. Studies made of the per- 

 centage of olive flies parasitized at different localities in Italy are presented 

 and their economic importance and possibilities discussed. 



The olive leaf tineid i Prayx oJccUuh) and its parasites are considered at some 

 length (pp. 83-184), considerable attention being given to the chief natural 

 causes which prevent the multiplication of the pest. These are taken up imder 

 the headings lepidopterous. dipterous, and hymenopterous insects. The classi- 

 fication of the parasites of the olive fly is briefly considered (pp. 185-194). A 

 lepidopterous pest belonging to the family LyonetiidiP, which lives in the olive 

 leaves, is described as representing a new genus and species, (Ecophyllembius 



