ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 



73 



keeping cattle was for draft purposes. The first step iu modern improvement of 

 cattle was tlie importation of 15 head in 1869. At the present time there are sev- 

 eral native breeds besides the introductions of Ayrshires, Dutch, Simmenthaler, 

 Brown Swiss, Devon, Jersey, and Shorthorn cattle. 



The horse appears to have been indigenous to Japan. The first authentic 

 record of foreign importation was in 247 A. D., when the King of Korea made 

 a present of several horses to the Japanese court. European horses were im- 

 ported in the sixteenth century. The native breeds are described. Sheep rais- 

 ing was not undertaken until 1817, and for some reason has never been very 

 successful. Goats have been introduced from China and Korea. The rear- 

 ing of swine dates back to antiquity, but was discontinued later because of 

 religious prejudices. 



In recent years the Government has encouraged the breeding of all kinds of 

 live stock. In 1906 the total number of cattle was 1,190.373, horses 1.465,466, 

 sheep 3.501. and goats 74,750. 



[Stock breeding in Formosa] , C. Shimooka ( In Agriculture in Japan. Tokyo: 

 Govt., lUOS. Pit. ,io2-.35'f ) . — Stock breeding iu Formosa is not engaged in to any 

 large extent. There are two varieties of horses, the Chinese and Japanese, 

 water buffaloes, and two varieties of yellow cow. A few foi'eign breeds of 

 cattle have been introduced. Swine are quite extensively raised and are of 

 the Chinese type. The goats are small and used as offerings at festivals. 



Substitutes for skim milk in raising calves, E. S. Savage and G. W. 

 Tailby, Jr. {Xeir York Cornell Sta. Bui. .id!), pp. .',91-517, flg^. 2'/).— This bul- 

 letin reviews the work of other investigators on feeding substitutes for skim 

 milk, and reports nivestigations at this station for the ])ast 2 years. 



The calves which ^^■ere used in this experiment were at first given whole milk, 

 which was gradually replaced by skim milk or other substitute, and also were 

 fed daily a grain mixture of ground corn and oats, bran, and oil meal, of which 

 they were given all they would eat up clean. Hay was kept before them at all 

 times. Whole milk was estimated to be worth .$1.65 per 100 lbs. and skim 

 milk 15 cts. per 100 lbs. 



The following table contains the gains made on the various substitutes : 



(Jains made hy calves on skim milk and skim milk substitutes. 



Kind of feed given in addition to whole milk, 

 hay, and grain mixture. 



Number 



of 

 calves. 



Skim milk i 5 



Schumacher calf meal 6 



Lactina Suisse 5 



Skim milk 7 



Skim milk powder 6 



Schumacher calf meal 1 



Blatchford calf meal 4 



Number ,^,^. Average 



days. ^°°i°g' -^ 



Bays. 



120 I 52.6 

 120 19.6 



105 Birth. 



150 :...do.... 



150 ...do.... 



150 ...do 



150 ...do.... 



Pounds. 

 1.76 

 1.25 

 .70 

 1.53 

 1.-23 

 1.10 



Average 



cost per 



pound 



gain. 



Cents. 

 4.8 

 8.1 



11.6 

 4.8 

 6.4 

 9.0 



13.4 



" It is evident from the results of these experiments and those elsewhere that 

 good, strong, healthy calves can be raised without skim milk or milk of any kind 

 after the first 30 days. 



" Skim milk, hay, and grain make the best substitute for whole milk in rais- 

 ing calves. A calf fed on skim milk should reach a weight of 300 lbs. at 5 

 months of age, and the gain should be made at the rate of 1.5 lbs. per day, at a 

 cost of less than 5 cts. per pound. 



18556—10- 



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