258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



The celery rdlcriiilhir [I'dinlio jxihj.vcncs) (pp. 20-24). — Descriptions are 

 given of its stajies, followed by an accomit of its distribntion, life history, and 

 habits. It appears to have no special life zone, occnrrinj; from Canada sonth- 

 ward thronph Central America and the West Indies to South America at least 

 as far as Venezuela. Its principal insect enemies are species of iclmeumon Hies 

 (Trogus cxesorius and T. exidianator), Apanteles lunatus and a dragon fly 

 (Anax longipcs). When the sfiecies become too numerous to be kept in control 

 by handpicking arsenicals will control the pest. 



Spraying apples for curculio and codling moth, E. P. Taylor (Missouri 

 Fruit Sill. Bill. 21, pp. !t-()9. figs. JS). — The iiuijorlant facts in the life history 

 and habits of the plum curculio are tirst discussed. It was found that "a 

 single male and female kopt in a cage for over 3 months and supplied with 

 fresh fruit made a total of 721 separate egg or food punctures. Had they been 

 distributed singly in the api)les in the orchard 4.8 bu. of apples, estimating 150 

 per bushel, could have received punctures from this single pair." 



A review of the life history and habits of the codling moth then follows. 

 " In 1908 the first hibernating larvse found changed to pupsB in the orchard 

 at Olden were on April G, and the first moth was seen in the orchard May 

 5. At this date the first few scattering eggs were found on apple leaves 

 of early blooming varieties. The first eggs were found hatched on Ingrams, 

 May 23. when this variety measured about * to | in. in diameter. The maxi- 

 mum hatching of eggs did not take place for 10 days to 2 weeks following, and 

 a few stragglers were entering the apples well into the month of June. The 

 dates at which the first generation larvae enter apples has a very important 

 bearing upon the times of sprays. . . . 



"A few apples were found with worms escaped by June 11, and larvae pre- 

 paring to pupate were first caught under burlap bands on trunks June 16. From 

 this date forward almost up to the time the apples were picked in October, 

 larvfe continued beneath the bands. . . . The first moth of the second genera- 

 tion was secured on June 29, and a number of others were secured during the 

 first week of July. Early in July the first of the second generation eggs were 

 to be found, though the maximum number did not appear for some weeks later." 

 A freshly deix)sited codling moth egg was found while examining apples on 

 October 7. probably being one of the third generation of the insect. 



A practical spraying experiment was conducted in 1908 upon a block of about 

 20 acres of Ingram apples in a large commercial Ozark apple orchard for the 

 purpose of showing the best kind of spray, the proper time to spray, and the 

 best way to spray apples to prevent codling moth and curculio injury. Three 

 early sprays resulted in 97.6 per cent picked apples free from curculio crescents 

 while 45.5 per cent were damaged on the trees unsprayed. Of these apples 

 99.83 per cent were free from codling moth wormholes, 14.5 per cent being 

 infested on the trees unsprayed, and 97.4 per cent of the apples were free from 

 both kinds of injuries as compared with 46.1 per cent from the unsprayed trees. 

 The three early sprays by preventing windfalls also gave 45 per cent more 

 picked apples than the unsprayed trees. 



It was found that the spraying had doubled the cash returns for the crop, 

 the net profit due to spraying amounting to $65.36 per acre, or $7 for every 

 dollar expended for spraying. 



It is considered that 3 early sprays, if thoroughly applied, will be sufficient to 

 control both codling moth and curculio under the average conditions in Mis- 

 souri. Paris green was not quite so efficient as arsenate of lead and, although 

 used with every precaution, seriously damaged the fruit by causing blackened 

 areas about the blossom end, nearly one-fourth of the picked fruit being re- 

 jected from the first grade for this cause. The rainy weather prevailing at the 



