ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 359 



I)m'])le .'uul has the advaiitaj^e of killinj: tho scale insects with whlc-li the cocouiU 

 trees are fre(nieii(ly infested. 



The geographical distribution of butterflies, A. Pagensteciieb {Die geo- 

 (jraphiHChe Verhreitung cler Schmetterlinge. Jena, 1909, pp. IX-\-^51, maps 2; 

 rev. in 'Nature [London^, 81 {1909), No. 2086, pp. Ji82, 483).— The author tiutls 

 that the geographical distribution of Lepidoptera, like that of plants, is closely 

 connected with certain physical and organic factors. The most important 

 physical factors are soil, temperatnre and light, moisture, altitude, and wind. 



Tlie first part of this work (pp. .3-61) is devoted to general observations on 

 the geograi)hical conditions of the continents, and the influence of nionntains. 

 desert and frnitfnl plains, the neighborhood of rivers and seas, continental and 

 oceanic islands, etc., on distribution. The influence of temperature, moisture, 

 atmosphere, etc., is briefly described; then vegetation, carnivorons habits, coni- 

 mensalism, etc. Sections follow on the distribution of Lepidoptera as aft'ected 

 by altitude, notes on migration, cosmopolitan species, and season dimori)hism 

 and local variation. The organic (physiological) factors of the subject are 

 discussed, with special reference to former geological and climatic conditions, 

 and some reference to fossil Lepidoptera. After some remarks on structure, 

 and on the enemies of LeiHdo])tera, the section concludes with a sununary of 

 the Macro-lepidoptera of Central Europe (1626 species, according to Lampert), 

 and a table of the species of Papilio found in the more important districts of 

 the world. 



The second part of the work (pp. 62--i02) is devoted to the regions and sub- 

 regions of the world as defined by Wallace, Sclater, and others, with some 

 reference to the views of other zoologists and botanists on the sub.iect. The 

 various regions and districts of the world are then discussed, first with regard 

 to their climatic conditions, and secondly with reference to the species of 

 Lepidoptera known to inhabit them, of which, in many instances, very full lists 

 are given. 



The concluding part (pp. 403-448) deals with the geographical distribution 

 of Lepidoptera under their families and genera. The book is illustrated by 2 

 outline maps, one indicating the regions and subregions of the vi'orld, as niai)i)ed 

 out by Wallace and Sclater, and the other representing the Malay Archii)elago 

 from the Nicobars and Malacca to the Philippines, New Guinea, and North 

 Australia. 



Check list of the Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera of the Transvaal, with notes 

 on some of the species, C. J. Swierstka {Ann. Transvaal Mus., 1 {1909), No. 

 .'i, pp. 235-299). — Three hundred and sixteen species are listed. 



The Rhopalocera of Java, M. C. Piepers and P. C. T. Snellen {The Hague 

 and London. 1909, pp. XXIV+65, pis. 4)- — In this, the first of a series of mono- 

 graphs of the families of the Rhopalocera of Java, the PieridiB are taken up. 

 Colored plates are given of many species. The .38 species recorded repteseut S 

 genera. 



A feeding habit of some Lourengo Marques butterflies, C. W. Howard 

 {Ann. Transvaal Mus., 1 {1909), No. 4, pp. 224, 225). — Crenis hoisduvali is .re- 

 ported to have fed upon the aiiple and quince, causing the fruit to decay. 

 Oranges and naartjes were attacked by the butterflies of the species Charaxes 

 neanthes and C. zoolina, the butterflies being so numerous that often 7 or 8 were 

 clinging to each orange and the ground beneath the trees thickly strewn with 

 decaying oranges. 



Influence of cold and moisture on Lepidoptera, P. Kosminsky {Zool.Jahrb.. 

 AM. System., Geogr. u. Biol. Tiere, 21 {1909), No. ), pp. 36)-390, pis. 5; abs. in 

 Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 5, p. 569). — The pupoe of Vanessa 

 io, V. antiopa, and Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar were subjected to moist sur- 



