ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 459 



cutworm (.i. i/psilon) occurs iu the islands but has not beeu found to be 

 very abundant hi cane fields. The variegated cutworm {Lycophotia margari- 

 tosa) is a cosmopolitan species which, in Hawaii, feeds on sugar cane. Reme- 

 dies are briefly considered. The Mynah bird, introduced from India 20 or 

 more years ago for the purpose of feeding upon army worms and cutworms, 

 is said to be one of the best checks. The golden plover (Charadrius fuIi-us) 

 also lives largely on these caterpillars. This bird comes from Alaska to these 

 islands in August and remains until April. The English sparrow is abundant 

 in Oahu, though not on all the other islands, and has beeu observed to prey 

 upon army worms to some' extent. 



From 25 to 35 per cent of the caterpillars collected in cane fields in different 

 parts of the islands have been found to be parasitized by a tachinid, and iu 

 1 lot sent to the station from Hamakuapoko, Maui, 70 per cent were parasit- 

 ized. A large tachinid (Vaiofjadia montlcola) which occurs iu California 

 and is found throughout the Hawaiian Islands on the lowlands and well up 

 into the mountains has been reared by the author from 11 different species 

 of caterpillars. This species has been found by the author to be a leaf-ovi- 

 positing species. As many as 4,944 eggs were taken from the uterus of a 

 female ; these were found in all stages of development, some apparently ready 

 to hatch. The purpose of the thickened egg shell is thought to be to protect 

 the inclosed maggot from drying up too soon, if it should happen to remain 

 on the leaf for any length of time before being eaten by a cateri)illar. and to 

 permit of the egg's splitting open under the pressure of the caterpillar's mandi- 

 bles, allowing the maggot to escape safely instead of being crushed in the egg, 

 as it would be if the egg were soft. 



A species near Ichneumon hrevipennis is described as /. koebelei n. sp. 

 This species is said to have been introduced into the islands from America 

 several years ago by Koebele. It has now become generally distributed and 

 is usually common where there is an abundance of army worms and cutworms. 



The codling moth or apple worm in Georgia, W. V. IIekd (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 

 29, pp. 37. figs. 23; rev. in Jour. Eeon. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 5, pp. 369, 370). — 

 This bulletin consists of 2 parts. 



In part 1 (pp. 3-21), life history studies and observations of parasitic and 

 predaceous enemies are i-eported. Three generations and part of a fourth occur 

 in Georgia, but it is considered probable that some years the generations will 

 not exceed 2 and part of a third. The emergence of 14 moths observed at 

 Cornelia in 1906 varied from May 6 to May 24 ; of 14 moths at Pomona in 1907, 

 from April 25 to May 17: and of 22 moths at Tallapoosa in 1008, from April 9 

 to April 26, thus illustrating the yearly vai-iation with the temperature in the 

 emergence of the spring brood. 



A record of 964 eggs observed showed 864 to be laid upon the foliage (832 on 

 the upper and 32 on the lower surface), 92 on the fruit, and 8 upon the twig. 

 Of the total number, 184 were parasitized by Trichogramma pretiosa. The aver- 

 age length of the egg stage for those laid in early spring (April and May) and 

 in midsummer was 9 and a fraction days and Si days respectively. 



The larva was fi-equently found to feed several days in the calyx cavity before 

 attempting to burrow into the fruit. Moths were obtained from larv;e which 

 had been reared on a leaf diet entirely, and larv:e one-fourth grown were ob- 

 served in the orchard feeding on the foliage. Examinations of the 3.920 infested 

 apples on 5 trees, showed 74 per cent to have entered by the calyx, 16 per cent 

 by the side, and 8 per cent by the stem. " From 13 observations on the first 

 brood of larvae the time varied from 17 to 41 days or an average of about 4 

 weeks. From 45 observations made during July, the time varied from 13 to 30 

 days or an average of less than 3 weeks. From the 58 observations made during 



