47G p:xperiment station kecord. 



the changos in I'ggs as Ihcy grow stale, ofCect of gases ou llii" iiikTo-orgauisiiis 

 (if tlie egg, methods of preserving eggs in lime, at 1o\a- teiuperatnres. jind by 

 carbonio-aoid gas under pressure, and the extent of the egg industry in different 

 (•(HHitries. 



The osmotic pressure of the egg of the common fowl and the changes 

 during incubation, W. R. G. Atkins (Bio-Chem. Jour., J (IBOU), No. 10. pp. 

 .'i80-Jf8Ji) . — The difference in osmotic ju-essure between the blood and egg led 

 the author to study the changes in pressure during incubation with the foUow- 

 nig results : " The osmotic i)ressure of the egg of (laUus hankira, as calculated 

 from freezing point depressions, rises during incubation from about 5.5 atmos- 

 I)heres to about 7.3 atmosi»lieres, the latter value being approximately that of 

 the osmotic pressure of the blood of the same bird. 



"Bacterial action during incubation may cause the pressure to rise to over 

 S atmospheres. The view is put forward that birds are descended from organ- 

 isms with an osmotic ])ressure of 5 atmospheres or less." 



Profitable poultry {Quart. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 27 (1908), No. 101, pp. 322, 

 pis. 7. //r/.y. J7, (If/nis. 2). — This report is devoted to descriptions and illustrations 

 of the land and water fowls most generally reared on American farms, with 

 directions for their breeding, maintenance, and profitable management. 



DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. 



Swedish method of judging dairy bulls, G. Leufven (K. Landthr. Akad. 

 llainll. och Tidvkr.. J,S iHm)). No. }, pp. 298-315).— The author discusses the 

 method of judging dairy bulls followed during late years by the Malmohus 

 Agricultural Society, in which the value of the animals is determined by con- 

 sidering (i ) the ancestors of the bull, (2) the millv or butter fat production of 

 the dam, and (3) the conformation of the bull. The results obtained in the 

 work of the cow-testing associations during late years supply accurate data for 

 tlie production of millv and butter fat by cows and form the basis for giving 

 credit for points under (1) and (2). Information as to the power of the bull 

 to improve or decrease the production of their offspring is secured from these 

 data by comparisons of the average annual production of millv and butter fat 

 by the daughters and the dams of the daughters of the different bulls. Under 

 (3) the size and development of the bull are considered, and the form of the 

 different parts of the body and their relation to each other. 



The standards of production given refer to the lowland breed of Swedish 

 cattle; somewhat lower figures apply to the Ayrshire breed, the only other 

 breed of cattle of imiiortance in the South-Swedish counties. 



Report of the Malmohus cow-testing associations, 1908—9, J. Xillson and 

 L. Nanneson (ilahno. Ldns. IlusluiU. SiiUsk. Krrtlsskr., 1009, No. 2. pp. StJ/- 

 Ji28, pi. 1). — The repoi't covers the work for the year of 140 testing associations, 

 which, with 14 others in operation a portion of the year, include over 2,400 herds 

 with an aggregate of about 48.000 cows. The average production for all the cows 

 was 3,452.6 kg. milk and 112.85 kg. butter fat (average fat content, 3.27 per cent), 

 with a maximum production per association of 4,165.2 Ivg. milk and 139.86 kg. fat. 

 Three of the associations have been in existence for 10 years or more, and that 

 at Hvilan in operation for 11 years. During the 10 years the iiroduction of the 

 3 associations has increased, on the average. 1.002.2 kg. milk and 36.71 kg. butter 

 per head, and at the same time the returns per 100 feed units have increased. 

 Whereas no herd reached an average milk production of 4.000 kg. during the 

 first year, 15 of the 40 herds in the 3 associations exceeded this production 

 during the tenth year, and there were 18 herds below 3,000 kg. the first year, 



