478 EXPERIMENT STATION JiEf'ORD. 



advantage as regards the aiuoiint of milk iiroducvd and tlio gain in woigbt by 

 (h«' cows. Tlic amount of protein in the Itect-i'ulp rations was invariably higher 

 and llio nutritive ratios of these rations soniewlial narrowci- than those of the 

 root rations. According to thes(> triiils 3 lb. mangels and 1 lb. beet pulp 

 (either fresh or siloed » have a sinnlar feeding value; since the dry matter 

 content of roots decreases with the advance of the season, and that of the jnilp 

 increases, this ratio will vary witli the season as well as with variaticms in 

 the di'y niattt>r contents of the Iwo feeds. 



The use of by-products in feeding dairy cows, C. Torcher (Rrr. JlyfJ. ct 

 Med. Infant., <S (1900), Xo. 5-6, pp. J,Hl-50.'i). — A discussion of the use of by- 

 products with special refei'ence to the production of normal milk. It is pointed 

 out that waste from distilleries and sugar mills when fed in too large quanti- 

 ties may cause the milk to jiroduce a toxic effect when used for feeding children. 



Payment of milk according to its quality, O. Jensen (MwJkeritid., 22 

 (1909), No. 39, pp. 1^31-839). — A practical application of the author's reductase 

 fermentation method of examination of milk delivered at creameries, previously 

 noted (E. S. It., 21, p. 523). 



On the production of sanitary milk, P. G. Heinemann, A. B. Luckhardt, 

 and A. C. Hicks (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 {1910), No. 1, pp. ^z 7-66). —Bacterial 

 counts were made of milks taken at various stages in the production of " certi- 

 fied " milk. Separator cream was found to contain a smaller number of 

 bacteria and sei)arator skim milk a larger number than the whole milk from 

 which they were obtained. The bacterial count in milk obtained by mixing 

 the cream and skim milk from the separator is higher than that of the original 

 milk, which bears out the theory that clumps of bacteria are broken up by 

 the process of centrifugalizing. thus increasing the number of colonies but not 

 the actual number of individuals. For the same reason, straining milk through 

 absorbent cotton before bottling results in a higher bacterial count for the 

 strained milk. 



"Polymorphonuclear leucocytes of the neutrophile type, large mononuclear 

 leucoc.vtes, and small lymphocytes appear normally in the sejiarator slime of the 

 milk of healthy cows, and as far as we can see they bear no relation to the 

 number of micro-organisms present, inclusive of streptococci. 



" Eosinophiles may occur in the slime of the separator. The cause and 

 significance of their presence remain problematical. 



"The white corpuscles in milk of normal and diseased cows and in the blood 

 of the same animals should be studied, differentiated, and classified." 



There is a short discussion of the use of the score card w'hich it is thought 

 should be so extended as to include more items and give more detail. 



Notes on milk hygiene, O. Jensen (Mcelkeritid., 22 {1909), No. J/C), pp. 995- 

 1005, figs. 2; Rvr. Gen. Lait, 8 (1910), No. 3, pp. J,0-60, figs, g).— Determina- 

 tions made by the author show that the bottled whole milk sold by 4 large 

 dairy companies in Copenhagen contained, on the average. 40(),0()() to 012,000 

 bacteria per cubic centimeter, pasteurized whole milk 76,000 to 262,000, milk 

 intended for infant feeding 80,000 to 1,000,000, and half-skimmed pasteurized 

 milk 237,000 to 635,000 bacteria. Raw milk sold in small city dairies and milk 

 depots had an average bacterial content of 1,000,000 to 32.000.000 per centimeter. 

 The following standards are suggested : For pasteurized bottled milk, less than 

 30,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, and retention of color in the reductase 

 test for at least 6 hours; all other unskimmed milk. 1,000,000 bacteria and at 

 least 2 hours' retention of color; milk for infant feeding must in addition, if 

 the color does not disappear within 7 hours, give no appreciable gas formation 

 in the fermentation test. 



