492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



The results of the nivestiKatious by the juithor .is well ns tliose of Heiser- 

 HartniiR. Muhlert, and Ilasse are suiiuiiarized aiul topically discussed. The 

 value of the article consists in the fact that the data on the income, expendi- 

 tures, and standard of living of more than 200 families are secured fi'om those 

 who h;id forsaken farm life in the hope of improvinji their condition in the 

 city. This hope had not been realized, i)articnlarly on the part of those who 

 were married, thouf^h the unmarried were in some instances better off in the 

 cities than in the country. Statistics are presented to show that the average 

 annual expenditures of these city workers rsmged from 18.3 to 502 marks (from 

 .$4,3 to .$142) more than their incomes. The investigations also showed that their 

 standard of living, dwellings, and other social features had not been improved 

 by removal to the cities. 



In contrast with the actual conditions of these city families, the economic 

 position of a large number of rural families is described with statistics showing 

 the extent of their savings. From these savings the farm laborer has fre- 

 quently been able to rent or buy a farm and thus improve his social condition. 



As a result of these investigations the author concludes that country life and 

 not city life furnishes the better prospect for the economic and social uplift of 

 the laboring class. 



Concerning- the insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work 

 (lioL Quhid. aS'oc. A(jr. ItfiL, ] ', {l!)0<)), Xo. :li. />/). /a.^8-/r>.12).— This article 

 summarizes the legislation and describes the present status of agricultural 

 insurance against accident in France, Austria, Germany. Enghmd, Belgium, 

 Italy, and other European countries, the amounts of indemnity and to whom 

 paid, the methods of fixing responsibility and adjusting differences in cases of 

 dispute, the kinds of societies that insure, and other matters pertaining to vol- 

 untary and compulsory insurance. Data on Switzerland have already been 

 noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 01). 



Minor articles of farm equipment, L. W. Ellis {U. S. Dcjit. Af/i., Bur. I'Uiiil 

 Indus. Circ. 'I'l, pp. 1.1). — This pai)er presents a summary in tabular form of 

 the inventories of minor equiimicuts found on ,3.3 farms in Ohio averaging 167 

 acres in size, and the data are discussed with a view of showing the relative 

 importance and the cost of the vai-ious items for a properly equipped, average- 

 size general farm. The information is believed to be of iiractical value not only 

 to experienced farm owners and tenant farmers, but also to the prospective 

 farmer who engages in agriculture for the fii'St time. 



This study does not include wagons, machinery, or other articles which on 

 account of bulk or value would be classed as items of major importance, but 

 is confined to miscellaneous small tools, utensils, and sundries usually pur- 

 chased at a small cost for each. The total cost of ir)S such articles regarded as 

 necessary is .$270.70, and it is suggestc^d that before buying the farm equipment. 

 " due consideration should be given to the necessary outlay for minor items, 

 and where possible the latter should be secured at one purchase, thereby sav- 

 ing time and, usually, money. The purchase of these articles in such a manner 

 will mean a total expenditure sufficient to impress the farmer with the need for 

 their systematic care. The minor items for a general farm of 100 acres in- Ohio 

 and other middle AVestern States will i)i-obably cost from $200 to $300." 



Agricultural cooperation, (J. Radford (fjoiulon, [100!)], pji. 7'i). — This book 

 discusses the chief uses and advantages of cooperation in the purchase of 

 farm requisites such as seeds, feeding stuffs, fertilizers, and implements, the 

 cooperative collection, transportation, gi-ading, and sale of such farm products 

 as milk, meat, poultry, and eggs, and cooperative credit banks, finance, and 

 insurance. The book deals with English conditions, cooperation ])eing urged as 



