EURAL ECONOMICS. 591 



the produce, and this article strongly eini»hasizes the economic differences exist- 

 inj; in the two countries in the transportation of perishal)le farm products and 

 of the greater burden under which the Fi-ench small holder naturally labors as 

 a i-esult of this policy. A reduction in the stamp duty on agricultural products 

 shipped in small packages for short distances is recommended. 



Farmers' shipping' associations (West. Fruit Groicer, Brother Jonathan Ser. 

 11, pp. 3S). — This pamphlet gives an account of the origin, development, and 

 work of several fruit and vegetable growing associations, together with copies 

 of their constitutions and by-laws. The information is presented with a view 

 to furnishing suggestions to gi-owers for solving the problems connected with the 

 marketing of such perishable farm products. 



[Papers on agricultural cooperation] {Cornell Countryman, 7 (1909), No. 

 2, pp. -'il--^8, figs. 5). — A series of articles dealing with coopex'ative marketing of 

 truck crops, fruits, and poultry products, and the function of the grange in 

 cooperation. 



Cooperative niarkcting. W. H. Reid (pp. 41-43). — An account of the organiza- 

 tion and work of the Monmouth County Farmers' Exchange of New Jersey for 

 the cooperative marketing of vegetables and the purchase of supplies. The soci- 

 ety has been organized one year, has 525 members, sold goods value<l at $454,- 

 414.11, purchased $35,000 worth of seed potatoes and 859 tons of fertilizers for 

 members, and increased its receipts about 12 per cent. Brief notes are also 

 given on the present financial status of the Eastern Shore Produce Exchange, 

 Onlej\ Va. 



The grange as a faetor in cooperation, W. N. Giles (pp. 43. 44). — This article 

 shows that one of the fundamental principles of the grange is to encourage 

 business cooperation among its nienil)ers. with the result that members have 

 consolidated their products into .iol)bing quantities and ])urchasM jtroducts in 

 quantities insuring substantial reductions in cost. 



The Hood River Apple Grotvcrs' Union, C. C. Vincent (pp. 45-47). — An ac- 

 count of the origin and development of this society, its methods of grading, 

 packing, and marketing apples, and the advantages to farmers of such organiza- 

 tions in all branches of agriculture. 



Cooperation in marketing poult rg products, G. Frost (pp. 47. 48). — Notes are 

 given in this article on the origin and work of the Central New York Egg and 

 Poultry Shippers' Association in 1909 in the marketing of eggs and poultry. 



Agricultural credit, insurance, and cooperative societies in France, L. von 

 Hennet (Mitt. Fachbcrichterstat. K. K. Ackerb. Min. [Vienna], 1909, No. 18, 

 pp. 137-141). — The data in this article have been noted from another source 

 (E. S. R., 22, p. 194). 



State aid to agricultural cooperation in France (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. 

 Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 (1909). Xo. 1, pp. 72-79).— Statistics on the develop- 

 ment of agricultural professional associations, credit banks, insurance societies, 

 and cooperative societies in France are discussed, and the forms under which 

 the government assists and encourages agricultural cooperation are summarized 

 as follows : 



" Exemption, in the case of agricultural cooperative societies of various kinds, 

 from the tl'oublesome and expensive formalities required by law in the forma- 

 tion of ordinary companies and associations. 



'• Exemption from certain stamp duties, patent fees and taxes on transferable 

 securities, in the case of cooperative agricultural credit banks, insurance 

 societies, etc. 



'• Grants are made (a) to new cooperative agricultural insurance societies on 

 their formation, and (h) in times of stress to such societies already at work. 



