RURAL ECOXOMICS. 793 



centrifugal pumps. The efficiencies of tlie two steam engines with centrifugal 

 pumps varied from 42 to 40.8 per cent, and that of the crude-oil engine was 

 37.2 per cent. 



Farm^ drainag-e operations, W. H. Day (Ontario Dcpt. Affr. Bui. 17.J, pp. 38. 

 figs. 22). — This bulletin, which supplements Bulletin 174. pi'eviously noted (E. 

 S. R., 22. p. 589), gives directions for making and using a home-made drainage 

 .level, making and recoi-ding differential levels, determining the grade of the 

 drain, and preparing a profile. The limitations of the spirit level for drainage 

 work are discusse<l and directions given for testing and correcting it. The 

 method of making careful surveys for complete drainage systems is explained 

 in full for the purpose of aiding the farmer in understanding a map and pre- 

 paring and constructing his drains according to it. A table is presented for 

 use in determining the size of tile to be used in the main drain carrying the 

 maximum Guelph rainfall from various areas through drains with grades from 

 a fall of 1 ft. in 2.(X)(V to 1 ft. in 20. Directions for digging, grading and filling 

 ditches, laying tile, and for constructing outlets and sand traps are also given. 



Sand-clay and earth roads in the Middle West, W. L. Spoon ( U. S. Dcpt. 

 Agr., Office Public Roads Circ. fH. pp. ,}/, figs. 6). — This circular gives the 

 results of experiments in sand-clay road construction conducted in Kansas 

 in 1908. 



Previous to the inquiry it had l)een sujiytosed that this method was inai)i)licable 

 to the North and West on account of frost and a lack of clay or sand suitable 

 for the purpose. The soil conditions, climate, and drainage in the Middle West, 

 and the construction of sand-clay roads in the gumbo or plastic soil sections, 

 on loam and alkali soils, and on sand-hill roads, is discussed in detail, together 

 with the use of sand-oil covering for these roads. 



Experimental roads were constructed with local materials at Garden City, 

 Dodge City. Rncklin, and Ford. Kans.. the cost ranging for the first three of 

 these localities from .$707.4.") to .$l,lSo.G4 i)er mile. It is believed that a careful 

 study of local conditions in any comnnmity will usually reveal many pos- 

 sibilities for impi'oving roads at a comparatively small cost. 



Report on the service condition of paints (\ort1i Dalcoin Sta. Paint Bills. 

 1, pp. .5-5 'i. figs. 3-'i ; 2. pp. 90; 3, pp. 36. figs. 15). — Reports on the service con- 

 dition of paints (on test fences at the station (E. S. R.. 1'.>. ji. 1080), by repre- 

 sentatives of the Paint Manufacturers' Associations of the United States and 

 of two paint manufacturers, are presented in detail. 



RURAL ECONOMICS. 



The incomes of 178 New York farms, M. C. Bxjrritt CScw York Cornell 

 Sta. Bui. 271, pp. 15-27, fig. 1). — The purpose of this investigation was to 

 determine what income could reasonably be expected from a farm investment 

 in New York and what type of farming offered the best investment. The data 

 reported are for the two years 1906 and 1907. 



The method of calculating returns was to include as gross income all cash 

 recei])ts plus any increase in property values on hand, while expenses included 

 all cash expenditures plus any decrease in property values. The net income, 

 therefore, represented the difference between receipts and expenses and in- 

 cluded interest on the investment, while the value of the farmer's labor was 

 derived by deducting from the net income the interest at 5 per cent on the 

 invested capital. The data thus determined on 5 classes of farms were as 

 follows : 



