108 A GLOUCESTER JAM FARM. [Dec. 



Upper Silurian (calcareous slates). — Hardwoods, maple, birch, 

 beech, ash, hornbeam, elm, etc., white spruce, Thuja occidentalis, fir. 

 This is pre-eminently tlie hardwood section of the province. Few or 

 no peat bogs. 



Loiocr Garbondfcrous. — Chiefly liardwoods, among which grow black 

 spruce, hemlock spruce, Thuja occidentalis, etc. Character of woods 

 generally good. Few or no peat bogs. 



Millstone Grit. — Chiefly conifers, hardwood, principally white 

 birch, growing up especially after fires and replacing conifers, other 

 hardwoods usually of inferior size, when compared with the growth on 

 the Upper Silurian and Lower Carboniferous. Peat bogs abound. 



Boulder Z>is<ric<.— Mixed growth ; the base and lower parts of 

 the sides of the ridges which abound in this section have been usually 

 covered by black and hemlock spruce, interspersed with pine {Finns 

 Strohus), Pinus resinosa (rarely) ; the upper part of the slopes of 

 these ridges and their summits are or have been clothed with a 

 growth of birch, beech, maple, etc. 



A GLOUCESTEB JAM FAEM. 



LOED SUDELY'S Home Farm, near Teddington, Gloucestershire, 

 was four years ago an ordinary arable farm, for which nobody 

 would offer the previous rent of £1 per acre. But previous successes 

 in the neighbourhood incited the proprietor to convert it into a 

 large fruit-growing establishment. After draining, levelling, burning 

 clay, planting hedges, designed, on growing up, to shelter the fruit 

 plantations, plum-trees (6-feet standards) three years old, from a 

 nursery started in advance of the experiment, were planted in rows 

 of 15 feet apart. These were interspersed with rows of raspberries, 

 gooseberries, or currant bushes in the quincunx arrangement. Thus 

 straight and interminable vistas now open in every direction of the 

 plantation. Very careful staking is required. As the stakes are 

 all creosoted for the 18 inches that is below the ground, and there 

 were no fewer than 40,000 plum-trees to be staked, a creosote tank 

 and furnace was built. Fixed in the ground 8 inches from tlie tree, 

 and tied to it at its top simply by a wisp of straw, the stake is thus 

 prevented rubbing the bark. Of course tliere is endless weeding, 

 picking, and carrying. Sometimes over 300 workers are thus em- 

 ployed. Some 3000 Canadian poplars surround the farm. They 

 are planted one yard apart, and will ultimately make an impervious 

 wall, the trunks meeting and pollarded at 18 feet above the ground, 

 as in Kent. In the jam factor}- situated in the old farm buildings. 



