AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 209 



Determination of cane sugar and raffinose, E. Saillard (Zfschr. Tcr. Dcut. 

 Zucl-cr'mdus., 1!)10, To. (HO. II. pi). 1 ISS-I ID.'i). — This is a aisciission of methods 

 for this jiiirposo. with particular reference to inversion constants and formulas. 



The determination of raffinose, H. Pellet (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckcrindus., 

 J910, No. 659, II, pp. J 200-120 Jf).— The author points out the value of the Gun- 

 ning method for estimating raffinose. 



In regard to the presence of raffinose in raw beet sugar, L. J. de Whalley 

 ( Ztschr. Vcr. Dent. Zuckcrindus., I'.UO, Xo. Go'.i, II, pp. IWJi-llDS). — The 

 author points out that many crude beet sugars examined by him contained very 

 appreciable amounts of raftinose. The formula employed for tlie purpose was 

 Ilerzfeld's. 



In regard to a uniform method for determining the dry substance in 

 sugarhouse products with the immersion refractometer, V. Stan£k {Ztschr. 

 Zuckcrindus. Boh men, 35 (1911), Xo. .',, pp. lS7-20.'f). — For this work the 

 author recalculated Wagner's tables to show the relation between the degi-ees on 

 the refractometer scale and the percentage of dry substance in the sugarhouse 

 product as weighed off, and with reference to this amount in 100 cc. of solution. 

 The tables are given in detail, with another one for correcting the variations 

 due to temperature. The method is described in full. 



About the estimation of water in raw sugars by the immersion refrac- 

 tometer, V. Stan£k (Ztschr. Zuckcrindus. Bohmcn, 35 (1910), Xo. 2, pp. 57- 

 6.'t). — The author states tliat this method is more convenient than the polari- 

 metric method. He points out that whei-e the criterions presented in the article 

 are adhered to the limit of error between two tests will be O.OG per cent of dry 

 substance. 



How sugar is tested, J. B, Baker (Sci. Amer., lO.'f (1911), Xo. 10, p. 2/f7, 

 figs. 3). — A general description of the use of the polariscope for testing sugars. 



The influence which inactive substances have upon the rotation of levulose, 

 N. Wender (Biochcnh. Ztschr., 30 (1911), Xo. 5, pp. 357-373).— The results 

 show that the specific rotation of levulose is increased by inorganic acids and 

 organic acids such as oxalic, while acetic acid, alkalis, alcohol, and acetone de- 

 ci-ease it. Inorganic salts, such as sodium chlorid. sodium bromid, potassium 

 iodid, and potassium bromid in certain cases increase it, and ifi others decrease 

 it. No influence was exerted by slightly basic bodies. 



In regard to the reaction ratio of aldehyde and keton sugars to Fehling's 

 solution, E. Eemy (Apoth. Ztg., 25 (1910), Xo. 7//, pp. 703-705; abs. in Ztschr. 

 Angew. Chem., 23 (1910), No. J,9, p. 2327).— According to Fehling, a reduction 

 relation of 1 : 5 exists between glucose and copper. According to Soxhlet, this 

 is independent of the concentration and subject to slight variations. On the 

 basis of the formula involved in the reaction products of these reductions, the 

 author determined the ratio of glucose and fructose to cuprous oxid as 1 : 5.3 

 (fluctuating between 1 : 4.8 and 1 : 5.3), and for invert sugar, bioses, and cuprous 

 oxid 1:10.6. The relation between pentoses (arabinose) and cuprous oxid is 

 probably the same as the latter. 



Staining of glycogens, P. Mayer (Ztschr. Wiss. Mikros. u. Mikros. Tech., 

 26 (1910), Xo. J,, pp. 513-522; abs. in Chem. Abs., 5 (1911), No. 6, p, 1118).— 

 Resorcinol-fnchsin, cresol-fuchsin, and rosanilin hydrochlorid stain glycogens. 

 The microscopic field has a granular appearance, the granules standing out 

 boldly against a colorless background. Some further experiments with ammo- 

 nium hydroxyferrigallate and iodin showed that the iodin preparation could 

 not be made stable, but those with ammonium hydroxyferrigallate remained so 

 for quite some time. Glycogen takes ammonium carminate, but the color is not 

 definite enough to be utilized as an identification test. 



