ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 361 



posed to the sun, depends on the nature of the ground upon which the clothes 

 are spread. On hard ground, and more especially on sand, the fleas are all de- 

 stroyed; on grass they will in all probability be able to find shelter and there- 

 fore escaiie. The time of exposure necessary to destroy all the fleas is about 

 45 minutes when the clothes are spread on hard ground, and is probably some- 

 what less when sand is employed." 



The experiments show that " the temperatures between 95 and 112° are not 

 strong enough to destroy all the fleas, although there is a great diminution in 

 their numbers in the 2 last experiments which registered 112°. From 116° up- 

 wards all the fleas were killed. The minimum temperature, therefore, lies be- 

 tween 112 and 110°, probably 116° itself, because in 2 experiments which 

 were carried out by gradually heating a test tube containing fleas by immersion 

 in warm water, it was found that the exact temperature at which they were 

 killed was 116.4° on the first occasion and 118.4° on the second. If we add 4° 

 to this result, which has been obtained experimentally, and call the minimum 

 120°, we may be certain of obtaining a temperature which will be fatal under 

 the most pi'actical conditions." 



Two species of cysticercoids from the rat fl.ea (Ceratophyllus fasciatus), 

 W. NicoLL and E. A. Minchin (Proc. Zool. 8oc. London, .1911, I, pp. 9-1 S, 

 figs. 2). — Much of the data here presented relating to the occurrence of Ilymen- 

 olepis diminuta in the rat flea has been previously note<l from another source 

 (E. S. R., 25, p. 158). 



Experiments in which rats were fed daily with fleas mashed up in their 

 food demonstrate that the complete development of H. diminuta may take 

 place in less than 3 weeks. A single specimen of a second cysticercoid, thought 

 to be H. mnrino, was met with in the body cavity of a male C. faseiatus. 



The mechanism, of transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi from rat to rat 

 by the rat flea, C. Strickland {Brit. Med. Jour.. 1911, No. 2627, p. 1049).— 

 "Infection of rats with T. leivisl is caused by the rats' act of eating Infective 

 fleas. It is not caused by contamination of the rats during a short time, nor 

 by their being bitten by the fleas. Many more fleas are infective than cause 

 infection in nature. The infective form of the trypanosome, which is prob- 

 ably the 'small trypanosome' of Swellengrebel and Strickland, must reach the 

 blood through the gut wall. It is possible that other trypanosomiases may be 

 transmitted by perhaps even nonblood-sucking creatures." 



Bees, E. F. Phillips (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. hkl, pp. 1/8, figs. 25). — 

 This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 397 (E. S. R., 23, p. 365) and gives briefly 

 such information as is needed by persons engaged in the Iveeping of bees. 



The honey bee in Vermont, II. W. Beecheb (Vt. Agr. Bid. 6, 1910, pp. 29, 

 fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the history of bee keeping and of bee-keepers' 

 organizations in Vermont, the present extent of the industry in the State, 

 wintering, commercial aspects, the value of honey as a food, sources of honey, 

 bee diseases and enemies, etc. 



The treatment of bee diseases, E. F. Phillps {XJ. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' 

 Bui. JfJi2, pp. 22, figs. 7). — This bulletin supersedes Circular 70 of the Bureau of 

 Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., IS, p. 561). It gives briefly the in- 

 formation needed by the beekeeper who has disease in his apiary. 



Biological notes on Pimpla pomorum, Mokezecki {Ztschr. Wiss. Insek- 

 tenhiol., 7 (1911), No. 2, pp. 63, 6.), figs. 3). — The author reports having found 

 this ichneumon to parasitize as high as 75 per cent of the apple blossom 

 weevils {Anthonomus pomorum) in orcliards in Crimea. 



Ganietogenesis of the gall fly, Neuroterus lenticularis, II, L. Doncasteb 

 {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London^, Sen B., 83 {1911), No. B 566, pp. 1/76-489, pi. 1).— 

 A continuation of studies previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 662). 



