METEOROLOGY WATER. 417 



Candelilla wax (Joiir. Indus, and Encjin. Ghent., 3 (1911), No. 2, p. 115). — 

 A i)olemical article in regard to the chemistry of caudelilhi wax (see above). 



The chemistry of and the progress in tanning technology, B. Kohn stein 

 (Osten: Clwm,. Ztg., 1.', {1911), Nos. 5, pp. 5.'f-59; 6, pp. 70-73).— This is a 

 detailed description of the progress made in the tanning and tawing processes 

 during the last few years. 



METEOROLOGY— WATER. 



Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1909-10 (U. 8. Dept. Agr., 

 Weather Bur. Rpt. 1909-10, pp. 2S1). — This contains an administrative report 

 reviewing the work of the Weather Bureau during the fiscal year ended June 30, 

 1910, at Mount Weather research observatory, on forecasts and warnings, and 

 of the river and flood, instrument, climatological, and marine divisions, and 

 tables giving a general summary of the weather conditions in the United States 

 by months during the year 1909, list of obsex'ving stations and changes therein 

 during 1909, sunshine in 1909, details of excessive precipitation in 1909, monthly 

 and annual meteorological summaries in 1909, monthly and annual means and 

 extremes of temperature with dates of first and last killing frosts in 1909, 

 monthly and annual amounts of iH'ocipitation in 1909, and monthly and seasonal 

 snowfall in 1909-10. 



The work at Mount Weather included aerial research and investigations on 

 atmospheric electricity, solar radiation, and vapor in the atmosphere. The 

 upper air observations at Mount Weather were found to be an aid in increasing 

 the accuracy and range of forecasts. Forecasts of certain well defined weather 

 types for 10 days in advance were issued from time to time during the year. 



Cooperation between the Weather Bureau and the Forest Service in a study 

 of forest effects on climate and stream flow in the Rio Grande National Forest 

 in southwestern Colorado is referred to. " Two watersheds of similar topog- 

 raphy and of limited drainage areas have been selected, and the necessary 

 weirs and instruments for the measurement of stream flow will be located at 

 an approximate altitude of 9,500 ft. above mean sea level, the drainage area 

 extending upward to an elevation of about 10,500 ft. 



" It is proposed to measure the flow of the two sti-eams for a sufiicient period, 

 probably 8 or 10 years, to demonstrate their behavior with equal forest cover. 

 One of the watersheds will then be denuded and stream-flow measurements 

 continued on both for another period of 8 or 10 years, by which time it is 

 probable that the effects of the denudation, whatever they may be, can be 

 stated in positive terms. In order that all the climatic factors that affect or 

 modify stream flow may be considered, a complete equipment of meteorological 

 instruments will be provided and observations will be taken several times daily. 

 Automatic instruments will afford continuous and permanent records of pres- 

 sure, temperature, wind direction and velocity, sunshine, precipitation, and 

 evaporation." 



Experiments with various methods of measuring snowfall indicated that 

 " snow bins, or cubical boxes, 5 ft. on a side, standing on a frame so that the 

 top is 10 ft. above the ground . . . fitted with a system of louvers on the 

 inside to prevent the wind from blowing out the snow and to insure a level 

 deposit within, catch very nearly the actual amount of fall." 



Observations on evaporation from Salton Sea indicate that the evaporation 

 from the surface of the sea- is about 70 in. a year. " It has been found by 

 special experiments that the ' Salton Sea ' ceases to exercise any influence upon 

 evaporation during the summer at a distance of about 1,000 ft. from the shore. 



