METEOROLOGY WATEE. 419 



" The total precipitation for the year was 45.51 in., a departure of 1.93 in. 

 below the normal. The rainfall was somewhat unevenly distributed and caused 

 some injury to crops. , . . The first killing frost in the vicinity of New Bruns- 

 wick occurred October 14 with a minimum of 27°. The coldest day of the year 

 was January 19 with a minimum of —1°. The highest maximum occurred upon 

 August 9 with a temperature of 97° . . . From May 24 to October 30 there 

 was a loss of 3.29 in. of moisture in excess of the rainfall." 



The observations on temperature showed that — 



" The mean temperature of the air is lower for each month ia the year than 

 the mean temperature of the soil 3 in. below the surface. . . . 



" The mean temperature of the soil 6 in. below the surface is lower for each 

 month in the year than the mean temperature 3 in. below the surface. 



" The mean temperature of the soil 9 in. below the surface is higher than the 

 mean temperature 6 in. below the surface for the months of January, February, 

 March, August, September, October, November, and December, but for the 

 months of April, May, Jime, and July it is slightly lower. 



" The mean temperature of the soil 12 in. below the surface is slightly higher 

 than the mean temperature 9 in. below the surface for the months of January, 

 February, October, November, and December. The month of November in the 

 tabulations is an exception, but is not in most years. From March to October, 

 inclusive, the temperature at 12 in. is lower than at 9 in. 



" The mean temperature of the soil 18 In. below the surface is slightly higher 

 than the mean temperature 12 in. below the surface for the months of January, 

 February, October, November, and December. From March to October, inclu- 

 sive, it is lower. 



" The mean temperature of the soil 24 in. below the surface is lower than at 

 18 in. below the surface for each month in the year except November, December, 

 January, and February, when it is slightly higher. 



" During the months of December and Januax-y the temperature of the soil 

 slightly increases from the 6-in, depth to the 24-in. depth ; but during the months 

 of April, May. June, and July it gradually decreases. 



" An average of the monthly means for a i^riod of years shows February to 

 be the coldest month and July to be the warmest. There are exceptional years 

 when January has a lower monthly mean than February ; also, but much less 

 frequently, there is an exceptional year when the monthly mean for August 

 will be slightly higher than that of July." 



The range of the minimum air temperatures for February, 1899, was from 

 — 11 to 35° and the range of the maximum air temperatures was from 4 to 53°. 

 The range of the soil temperatures for this month and year was as follows : 

 At 3 in. below the surface from 24 to 35°, at 6 in. 24 to 33°, at 9 in. 27 to 33°, 

 at 12 in. 29 to 33°, at 18 in. 32 to 33°, and at 24 in. 33 to 34°. With an air mini- 

 mum of — 11° on the tenth and eleventh of the month the lowest soil tempera- 

 ture for the month 3 to 6 in. below the surface was 24°. 



The maximum range of the daily air temperatures for July, 1901, was from 67 

 to 105°. The minimum range of the daily air temperatures was from 55 to 

 74". The monthly range of the daily soil temperatures was as follows: At 3 

 in. below the surface, 68 to 93°, a range of 25° ; at 6 in., 68 to 91°, a range of 

 23° ; at 9 in., 70 to 89°, a range of 19° ; at 12 in., 71 to 86°, a range of 15° ; at 

 18 in., 70 to 81°, a range of 11° ; and at 24 in., 70 to 77°, a range of 7°. 



The normal temperature of Porto Rico, West Indies, O. L. Fassig (Mo. 

 Weather Rev., 39 (1911), No. 2, j)p. 299-302, figs. 5). — This article summarizes 

 observations at 43 stations in the island, covering a period of over 11 years. 



