HORTICULTURE. 639 



injury and of the substitution of lime-sulphur for Bordeaux in combating 

 fungus diseases, together with a report of a comparative test of various lime- 

 sulphur solutions and Bordeaux conducted by the station at the Highmoor 

 farm in 1910. Lead arsenate was used with each mixture and studied both 

 as to its insecticidal value and as to its relation to possible leaf and fruit 

 injury when used with lime-sulphur. 



The spraying was done in a Ben Davis apple orchard, this variety being 

 especially susceptible to spray injury. Weather conditions during and follow- 

 ing the period of the second application were conducive to spray injury. 

 More or less injury was found on all of the plats, and the unspraycd fruit also 

 suffered severe russeting and malformation. The foliage injury on the lime- 

 sulphur plats was of little consequence, but was about 25 per cent more severe 

 on the Bordeaux plats. Fruit injury was from 2 to 5 times greater on the 

 Bordeaux plats. 



Fruit spraye<l with lime-sulphur showed two kinds of injury, one form of 

 which was similar to but less severe than Bordeaux Injury. The other form, 

 which is attributed to the arsenical used with the sulphur spray, occurred with- 

 out exception at the calyx end and is designated as calyx injury. This iujiu-y 

 was first observed wlien the fruit was about one-third full size as a fairly 

 regular and circular dark brown discoloration surrounding the sepals and 

 about 1 cm. in diameter. As the season advanced it became blacker but did 

 not spread. In rare cases the injury extended well into the basin, was irregu- 

 lar in outline and confined to one side of the calyx. It was invariably accom- 

 panied by a bright carmine aureole upon the edge of the basiu, the aureole 

 disappearing with the growth of the fruit. The injured skin frequently showed 

 a tendency to separate and curl away slightly from the normal skin adjacent. 



The results of one season's work confirm the consensus of results elsewhere 

 secured as to the fungicidal value of the lime-sulphur mixtures. With weather 

 conditions favorable to spray injury lime-sulphur did less damage than Bor- 

 deaux, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Arsenate of lead proved equally 

 effective with lime-sulphur and with Bordeaux but was decidedly injurious 

 when used with Sulfocide. A neutral lead arsenate is recommended in order 

 to reduce the tendency to arsenical injury. 



Both homemade and commercial lime-sulphur mixtures as substitutes for 

 Bordeaux are recommended for trial by Maine fruit growers, and directions are 

 given for preparing the mixtures. 



Spraying' experiments, C. J. S. Betiiune (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and 

 Expt. Farm, 36 (1910), p. 31). — A summary is given of the general results 

 secured in tests of homemade and commercial lime-sulphur wash in concen- 

 trated form and used in conjunction with arsenicals. The results are based 

 upon tests made in the college and elsewhere in the Province. 



Concentrated lime-sulphur, whether homemade or commercial, was found to 

 give excellent results as a spring wash just before the buds burst. It controls 

 blister mite, San Jose scale, and oyster-shell scale satisfactorily, is just as 

 good a fungicide as Bordeaux in the spring, and when properly diluted for a 

 summer spray will control apple and pear scab apparently as well as Bordeaux. 

 It sticks to the foliage and fruit about as well as Bordeaux and when diluted 

 about 1 : 35 is as cheap. Combined arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur gives as 

 satisfactory results as the 2 sprays used separately and there is apparently less 

 danger of injury to the foliage than from the lime-sulphur alone. Either 

 arsenite of lime or Paris green combined with lime-sulphur is apt to cause 

 serious injury to the foliage and sometimes to the fruit, especially when spray- 

 ing for the codling moth and in later sprayings. 

 9204°— No. 6—11 4 



