FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 571 



According to the author's summary, during typewriting at the rate of 57 to 

 115 words per minute, there was an increase of pulse rate from 90 to about 120 

 and in respiration from 19 to 30, as well as an increase in body temperature. 

 The work of typewriting resulted in an increase of from 30 to 70 per cent of 

 the total metabolism, or, on an average, about 50 per cent above metabolism at 

 rest. 



" The amount of increased energy above the resting metabolism per 1,000 words 

 was on the average about 7 calories and the increase in both the carbon dioxid 

 and the oxygen was 2.5 gm. 



" The increase in carbon dioxid and oxygen due to 1,000 strolies upon a type- 

 writer was 6.57 and 0.54 gm., respectively, and about 1.6 calories increase in 

 energy output. 



" The measure of metabolism by periods during the work of typewriting 

 shows that there was a gradual decrease in the amount of energy required per 

 1,000 strokes. This was more marked in the individuals whose hands and fin- 

 gers became extremely tired, which would indicate that during fatigue, work 

 is accomplished moi'e economically. 



"The average equivalent amount of work calculated from the increase in 

 metabolism in these experiments varied from 1.950 to 4,600 kgm. per hour and 

 the calculation based upon these results gave an average of 145 kgm. per 1,000 

 strokes of typewriting. 



" The variation in the increase in metabolism due to the work of typewriting 

 in these different individuals is considered to be due to differences in indi- 

 vidual facility and technique. The female subjects showed a more uniform 

 increase than the 2 male subjects who represented the extremes in these 

 experiments." 



Motion study — a method for increasing the efficiency of the workman, 

 F. B. GiLBKETH (New York, 1911, pp. XXIII+116+32, figs. U).—ln this dis- 

 cussion of efficiency in labor the author gives a description and general outline 

 of motion study and considers at length variables of the worker, of the sur- 

 roundings, and of the motion, and also the past, present, and future of motion 

 study. Health, modes of living, nutrition, body size, training, and experience 

 are among the variables of the worker which the author discusses. 



As the author points out, " the aim of motion study is to find and perpetuate 

 the scheme of perfection. There are three stages in this study : Discovering and 

 classifying the best practice; deducing the laws; and applying the laws to 

 standardize practice, either for the purpose of increasing output or decreasing 

 hours of labor, or both." 



R. T. Kent contributes an introduction to the volume. 



Some observations upon the deep temperature of the human body at rest 

 and after muscular exertion, N. D. Bards well and J. E. Chapman (Brit. Med. 

 Jour., 1911, No. 2628, pp. 1106-1110, dgm. 1). — The temperature measurements 

 were made with subjects at rest and walking and running for different distances 

 and at different speeds. The recorded data show that in general there was a 

 rise in temperature with normal individuals as a result of exercise. Though 

 undertaken in connection especially with the subject of temperatures in 

 tuberculosis, the work is of general interest. 



Digestive leucocytosis after the ingestion of raw or cooked meat, P. Las- 

 SABLiEEE and C. RiCHET (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris'], 10 (1911), No. 15, 

 pp. 637-639). — The data reported and discussed were obtained in experiments 

 with dogs and have to do with the increased number of leucocytes observed 

 after eating meat and with the phenomena of alimentary anaphylaxis. 

 9204°— No. 6—11 6 



