AGETCULTUEAL EDUCATTOX. 597 



inci'eased the productiveness of laboi- and decreased the proportionate number 

 of agricultural laborers. Especially is this true of the female element of agri- 

 cultural labor for hire generally and negro labor in the South, it being held that 

 more than one-half of the cotton is now raised by white labor. From 1855 to 

 1894 the time of human labor required to produce 1 bu. of corn on an average 

 declined from 4 hours and 34 minutes to 41 minutes, and that of 1 bu. of wheat 

 from 3 hours and 3 minutes in 1830 to 10 minutes in 1894. 



The idea that agricultural labor is not paid as much in proportion to other 

 labor seems to be controverted by the author, who points out that the money 

 wages, together with the supplementary allowances and the lower cost of living 

 of the farm laborer, in the end amount to more than he can earn in any occupa- 

 tion open to him in the city. 



Farm labor from the city, H. H. Lyon {Cowntnj Gent., 75 {1910), Xo. 3022, 

 p. 1217).— The author in discussing the possibility and advisability of getting 

 farm labor from the city is doubtful whether such labor would be very satis- 

 factory to the farmer should he get it, and whether it would remain long. 

 He thinks it economically safer and possibly more profitable if the farmer would 

 " cut down a little the amount of business he does,'' and depend largely upon 

 himself and upon his country conditions to handle it. 



Requirements and cost of animal power and motor power in agriculture, 

 Strebel (Fiihliiufs Landir. Ztg., 60 {1911). Xo. 11, pp. 361-377, fig. /).— This 

 is a comprehensive discussion of the requirements and cost of animal power in 

 agriculture and of the possibilities of substituting motor power instead. 



The history of the agricultural tarifE, H. Hertel {Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 

 1911, Xos. 3, pp. 153-174; Jf, pp. 255-270).— This is a historical sketch of tariff 

 legislation pertaining to agricultural production In European countries. 



[Agricultural production in Spain from 1890 to 1910], D. E. de la Sotilla 

 {Bol. Agr. Tec. y Econ., 3 {1911), Xo. 27, pp. 26*.}-27J).— Statistical tables are 

 given, showing the acreage and average production and the total value of the 

 principal agricultural products on dry and irrigated lands in Spain in the last 

 decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. 



Foreign crops, June, 1911, C. M. Daugherty {U. S. Dept Agr., Bur. Statis. 

 Circ. 20, pp. 13). — This circular presents data as to the acreage, yield, imports, 

 and exports of some of the principal agricultural products and the condition 

 of growing crops in foreign countries in June, 1911. 



AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 



The origin of the Land-Grant Act of 1862 (the so-called Morrill Act) and 

 some account of its author, Jonathan B. Turner, E. J. James {Univ. 111., 

 Univ. Studies, 4 {1910). Xo. 1, pp. 139). — In his main argument the author seeks 

 to prove that Jonathan B. Turner, at one time professor in Illinois College at 

 Jacksonville, 111., was the real father of the so-called Morrill Act of July 2, 

 1862, and that he deserves the credit of having been the first to formulate 

 clearly and definitely the plan of a national grant of land to each State in the 

 Union for the promotion of education in agriculture and the mechanic arts, and 

 of having inaugurated and continued to a successful issue the agitation that 

 made possible the passage of the bill. 



An appendix contains reprints of several documents considered in the case 

 including a letter from Senator Morrill to Professor Turner, and a pamphlet on 

 Industrial Universities for the People, published by Professor Turner. This 

 pamphlet, published in 1853. outlines work for the proposed system of industrial 

 universities along lines closely approaching the actual development in the land- 

 grant institutions. 



