DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 175 



piT cuhir' <-('nlini("tt'r in fiivor oL' the collcj^c Ki"i"Ui!ite. Tlio differences are 

 accoiiiitod Tor only by tlie dillVrence in tlio care exercised l)y the individual men 

 in their worlv. 



The motile and nonniotile aerobic gas-producing bacteria in milk, T. 

 Grubek {Cciitbl. liakt. \('tr.\. 2. AM., 1(! (IDDC). .Vox. .iO-Jl. i>i>. (i'j'i-Un.i ; 22-23, 

 j)]). 711-71D). — Descriptions ari' t^ivcn of 28 strains of aerobic gas-producing 

 i)acteria belonging to the BaclUus coli and Bucterium aerogenes groups, com- 

 pared and classified according to morphological and cultural chai'acteristics. 



The motile organisms were not unifonnly peritrichous and hence the desig- 

 nation Pscudoinonas coli is preferred to Bacillit!^ coli. Cultural characteristics, 

 especiall.v the growth on gelatin plates, were found insufficient to distinguish 

 the coli and a(>rogenes groups. Organisms in both groups were found capable 

 of i)roducing indol and nitrites. The gas-i)i'oducing i)ro])erties of the 2 groups 

 perunt the recognition of clearly defined subgroups, but do not permit of a sharp 

 distinction between the organisms of the 2 groups. The characteristic so-called 

 stable odor was produced on agar cultures and in fermented milk by the indi- 

 vidual organisms of both groups. 



A contribution to the bacteriology of milk, A. MacConkey {Jour. Ilijg. 

 [Cambridge], 6 (1906), Xo. 3. pp. 3S.5-'i07). — Bacteriological studies wex'e made 

 of organisms Isolated from milk as sold for domestic use and from milk obtained 

 directly from the cow. The results obtained are reported in detail and support 

 the general opinion that gas-forndng bacteria are not normall.v present in nnlk, 

 but that they gain access to it through want of cai'e and cleanliness in milking 

 and handling the milk. 



No gas-forming organisms were found in samiiles drawn directly from the 

 cow. It is considered iiracticable to obtain milk containing when freshly drawn 

 less than 1,500 organisms per cubic centimeter and with no gas-forming organ- 

 isms in at least 50 cc. The presence of gas-forming organisms is considered as 

 showing fecal contamination. Those most frequently found in fresh milk were 

 Bacillus oxytocus pcrniciosus, B. neapolitanus, and B. coli communis, while 

 those appearing at a later stage were B. cloacw and B. lactis aerogenes. Out of 

 107 non-chromogenic lactose fermenting organisms isolated from milk only one 

 gave the reaction of B. acidl Inctici. 



In the routine examination of water and food stuffs for the identification of 

 organisms the author would substitute the fermentation of dulcit. adonit, and 

 inuliii. and Voges and I'roskauer's reaction for the character of the growth on 

 nutrient gelatin, action on milk, formation of indol, fermentation of glucose, 

 and action on neutral red now generall.v employed. 



A bacteriological study of the certified milk of Philadelphia, A. H. Stew- 

 art (Amcr. Jour. McJ. Sci.. 131 (J9(l(!),Xo. Jf, pp. ()2o-63o). — The bacteriological 

 standard of the milk commission of the Pediatric Society of Philadelphia re- 

 quires that milk to be certified must not contain injurious oi'ganisms nor more 

 than 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 



Five dairies furnish certified milk. Samples of milk from these dairies 

 were collected at frtMiuent intervals froju July, 1004, to August, 1905. and exam- 

 ined for pus cells and bacteiia. The re.sults showed that 57.4. 1(5.5. .']6.5, 35, and 

 2.S.1 jier cent of the samples of the 5 dairies respectively were below standard. 

 Streptococci were occasionally j)resent. The number of pus cells ranged from 

 100 to nearly ;>00.(M»0 per cubic centimeter, the immber usually being well u]) 

 into the thousands. The milk of one dair.v which guaranteed a lower bacterial 

 count than 5.000 i)er cubic centimeter was below standard in SI. 2 per cent of the 

 16 samples examined. 



The author states that most of the certified milk is stored for 24 hours in 

 Philadelphia before delivery and when examined at the end of this period almost 



