ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253 



codling moth the first year, and 9G per cent where the method was continued 

 for 2 years. It is also learned that two-thirds of the worms entered the apple 

 through the calyx. The two early applications destroyed all but 4 per cent of 

 the worms which attempted to enter through the calyx, while 22 per cent of 

 those which attempted to enter the side of the apple escaped the Paris green. 



From observations made in Colorado and elsewhere the authors believe that 

 the second brood is about .5 times as numerous as the first. The average number 

 of wormy apples per tree without spraying was 247 as a result of the attack 

 of the first brood. If tlie second brood is 5 times as numerous this would make 

 an average of 1,482 wormy ai)ples per tree during the season if imsi^rayed, 

 while the average number on sprayed trees would be H)2 the first year and GO 

 the following year if the treatment is repeated. The .authors also determined 

 that 90 per cent of the worms which entered the calyx during August and Sep- 

 tember were killed by Paris green which had been applied in June. This Indi- 

 cates the lasting effect of the early applications. The total cost of two arsen- 

 ical applications, banding and examining the bands during the season, was 14 

 to 21 cts. per tree or li to 2 cts. per bushel of apples. 



As a result of their work on the codling moth the authors conclude that the 

 only proper time for the early, spray is just after the blossoms fall and before 

 the calyx closes. It appears that the two early applications of Paris green will 

 kill nearly nine-tenths of the codlinng moth up to August 1 and that enough poi- 

 son remains to kill two-thirds of the larvae of the second brood. The three late 

 applications destroyed three-fourths of the second brood of codling moth, but 

 the early sprays appear to be of much more value than late ones, since late 

 sprayings alone will not save the crop in badly infested oi'chards. 



The codling moth in the Yakima Valley, A. L. Melander and E. L. Jenne 

 (Washington Sta. Bui. 77, pp. 96, pis. 13, figs. 7). — The codling moth has been 

 known in the State of Washington for 25 years and in the warmer river valleys 

 causes an almost total destruction of the apple crop if no protective measures 

 are taken. 



An elaborate test of insectides was made in a number of orchards, using a 

 gasoline power sprayer in some cases. The habits and life history of the cod- 

 ling moth are described in detail, with especial reference to the bearing of avail- 

 able data upon the number of broods of this pest. In the Yakima Valley there 

 appeared to be 2, and possibly 8, broods of the codling moth, the first and second 

 broods being separated by a period of 3 or 4 weeks. 



The authors found that the windfalls rarely contain larvae of the codling 

 moth. About 70 per cent of the first brood of larvse attempt to enter the apples 

 at the calyx end within 2 to 5 weeks after the blossoms have fallen. The second 

 bi'ood begins to enter the apples toward the end of July. According to the 

 authors about CO per cent of the larvae drop to the ground after leaving the 

 apples, the remaining 40 per cent crawling down the trunk of the tree. It is 

 recommended, therefore, that bands on apple trees should be inspected at inter- 

 vals not greater than 2 weelvs. Rarely pears, peaches, and prunes are infested 

 with the codling moth. Notes are also given on natural enemies of this pest. 



In spraying for the codling moth arsenate of lead is recommended as the best 

 remedy. Fruit growers are advised to buy arsenate of lead from reliable deal- 

 ers rather than attempt to make it themselves. Paris green is also effective 

 when used at the rate of 1 lb. to 12.5 gal. of water, but London purple and arsen- 

 oids are not recommended. If a given neighborhood is not badly infested it 

 will be unnecessary to spray for the second brood ; otherwise, light sprayings 

 are required. In such cases two sprayings for the first brood and two or three 

 for the second are recommended. It is believed that spraying every 2 weeks 

 throughout the season is an unnecessarily expensive system. It was found that 



