ECONOMTC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 349 



hazel, walinit, linden, ash. willow, hircli, elc. The fruitini^ hodies of the 

 funjius are descrihed, and it is said that when a tree has heeii killed hy 

 /'. fiquamofniii the funfjus may continue its annual jiroduction of fruiting hodies 

 loi- a considerahle period. In this case the fun.ijus is considered saprophytic, 

 and in the case of its appearance on posts, fiai; i)oles, etc., it is believed that 

 llie infection took place when the trees were livinj,', although under favorable 

 conditions the dead wood nii.eht become attacked. 



Notes are fjjiven on the spore (■liara<-ters of Ihc funi^us, experiments on their 

 germination, vegetative growth, etc., after wliicli tlie dianges induced in the 

 wood are described, i)articular attention being paid to the chemical changes 

 which are brought about by the fungus. An;ilyses of sound and decayed wood 

 show lu.irked differences in Ihe <;n-bon content, tlie carbonizing of the wood 

 amounting to an increa.se of at least 2 per cent of the dry material. 



In the study made the author found evidence of the action of enzynis pro- 

 duced by the fungus. Altogether there appeared to be 8 or 10 different enzyms 

 occurring in the fruiting bodies. Among those noted were laccase, tyrosinase, 

 amylase, emulsin, protease, lipase, rennetase, " coagulase," etc. 



Attempts were made to develop the fruiting bodies from imre cultures, but 

 while a dense mat of mycelimn was secured, no signs of fruiting bodies m.nde 

 their appearance. 



The comnion fungus and insect pests of growing vegetable crops, W. 

 LocHHEAD and T. D. Jarvis {Ontario A(jr. Vol. and Expt. Farm Bui. 150, 

 pp. S.'i, figs. 35). — Popular descriptions are given of the diseases of plants w-hich 

 are caused b.v fungi, slime molds, and insects, and where known the remedies 

 are described. A chapter is given on the preparatiou and. application of fungi- 

 cides and insecticides. 



ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 



Distribution and migration of North American ducks, geese, and swans, 

 W. W. Cooke ( f. .S'. Dept. Agr., Biol. Kiirrey Bid. 2(!, pp. D0).—Ot the 64 

 recognized species of ducks, geese, and swans in North America north of 

 Mexico, 24 breed in the United States. Of these the most important species 

 are considered as being wood duck, mallard, black duck, teal, canvasiiack, red- 

 head, and Canada goose. 



The effect of inadeciuate protection for water fowl is seen most strikingly in 

 the case of the wood duck, which has suffered greatly in some localities. The 

 protection of ducks, geese, and swans in order to be effecti\(» must be in force 

 particularly at the breeding .season, during migration, and in tlie winter. The 

 striking diminution in niunbers of some of the species is largely due to unsports- 

 manlike slaughter at times ^^*4len they are least able to escape. 



One of the most important winter homes of North American ducks and geese 

 is the State of California. An el.iborate account is ]iresented of the distribution 

 and migration of these species and detailed notes are given on the breeding 

 range, winter range, .spring migration, and fall migration of each of the species 

 and suiisjiecies recognized in North America. 



The North American eagles and their economic relations, II. C. Ober- 

 noi.sER (C S. Dcpt. Agr., Biol. Siirveij Bnl. 27, /)/). SI, pis. 2, pgs. 2). — The 

 economic relations of eagles are somewhat ditticult to determine on account of 

 the fact that they feed upon many rodents .lud other noxious small mammals, 

 but also destroy game birds, water fowl, l;unbs. poultry, and other useful ani- 

 mals. In the author's opinion eagles are therefore to be considered about neu- 

 tral in economic influence. 



