376 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. 



in the care of horses in health. The present volume is prepared as a manual 

 for the use of students in the training school for farriers and horseshoers. It 

 contains a brief account of the symptoms and treatment of the common diseases 

 of horses arranged according to the part of the body affected or the nature of 

 the disease. The conformation and points of the horse are also described aiid 

 notes are given on stable management, anatomy, and the use of medicines. 



Modern phthisiogenetic and phthisiotherapeutic problems from an his- 

 torical standpoint, E. von Behring {Beitr. Expt. Ther., 1906, No. 11, pp. 

 XXXyi-\-156). — Since 1901 the author and his disciples have issued numerous 

 publications dealing with the progress of their work on various problems of 

 tuberculosis. The present account is in the nature of an historical summary 

 of this work with explanations of its bearing upon the practical control of 

 tuberculosis and with the consideration of certain points of priority which 

 have arisen. The use of the author's bovovaccin has been tested on such a 

 large scale that it is now believed to rest upon the firm basis of practical 

 experience. Many of the controversial matters relating to phases of the tuber- 

 culosis problem are discussed, particularly the question regarding the chief 

 source of contagion in tuberculosis. The author adheres to his position that 

 tuberculosis in both man and animals is very largely transmitted through the 

 alimentary tract rather than through the lungs. Infection, in the author's 

 opinion, takes place chiefly during an early age. 



In the near future it is stated that the author's new method for the control of 

 tubeix-ulosis by the use of tuberculase will be explained in greater detail and will 

 be offered for experimental use. This material is obtained by first extracting 

 from the tubercle bacilli those substances wiiich are soluble in water, alco- 

 hol, and salt Solution, after which the remainder of the bacterial bodies is 

 thoroughly pulverized and prepared for use in a liquid form. At first the 

 method appeared not to promise much from a practical standpoint for the reason 

 that the elaborate method necessary for obtaining tuberculase made the material 

 altogether too expensive. Much improvement has been made in cheapening the 

 method of manufacture, and the author therefore hopes to be able to prepare 

 the material at a reasonable cost. Tuberculase is not infectious and does not 

 contain living tubercle bacilli. It is, therefore, recommended by the author in 

 the treatment of human tuberculosis. The use of a vaccine such as is used in 

 preventing bovine tuberculosis is not recommended in the case of man. 



The intestinal origin of pulmonary tuberculosis, A. Calmette and C. 

 GUERIN (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 20 (1906), No. 5, pp. 353-363). — In a previous inves- 

 tigation by the authors it was found that, contrary to von Behring's contention, 

 adult animals, at least in the case of goats, became infected with tuberculosis 

 through the alimentary tract more readily than young animals. In the present 

 article an account is given of further work along this line on cattle. In these ex- 

 periments virulent bovine tubercle bacilli were used and were introduced into the 

 second and third stomachs by means of a sound passed down the esophagus. The 

 authors believe that the chief reason why experiments in the alimentary infec- 

 tion of cattle, have so frequently failed is that tubercle bacilli given in the form 

 of a drench reach the rumen and there become so greatly diluted in a large mass 

 of material in this organ that infection rarely takes place. 



In experiments reported by the authors, 4 cows previously determined to be 

 free from tuberculosis were inoculated by the method .iust described. All of 

 these animals beciune tuberculous, and the authors conclude that animals may 

 readily contract tuberculosis through the alimentary tract both in young life 

 and at an adult age and without the development of any lesions of the walls of 

 the alimentary tract. According to the authors' observations, tubercle bacilli 



