RUEAL ECONOMICS. 393 



^'(lll((^s iif (linn 011(1 fonsl iiroil nets i in ii(>rl<<l into the Vnltcd States. 



Exports of farm and forest products, 1903-1905 (C. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. 

 Statix. Bill, .'ill, 1)1). I'J). — Detailed statements ot exports of fanu and forest 

 products, including the countries to which consigned, are reported. The fol- 

 lowing table sniinuarizes the value data : 



]'(ilucf> of farm and forest products exported from the United States. 



Trade with noncontiguous possessions in farm and forest products, 1903- 

 1905 (r. S. Depl. Aijr.. Bur. Statis. Bill, .p, />/>. .'/o). — The value of farm and 

 forest products shipped from the United States to I'orto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, 

 I'hilippine Islands. Tutuila, Midway Islands, and Guam in 1905 was $15,851,720, 

 as (•oini)ared with a value of $15,154,8;'.7 in 1904; while the shipments from 

 noncontiguous possessions to the United States amounted in value to $()1,()99,925 

 in 1905, as compared with $46,898,012 in 1904. Data as to the (piantity, value, 

 and destination of the various products are reported in detail. 



Retail prices of food, 1890 to 1905 {Btir. of Labor [U. 8.] Bui. 6.',, pp. 111- 

 316). — Statistical data of the retail prices of 30 staple foods secured in the 

 principal industrial centers of 40 States, including the District of Columbia, are 

 reported. For the United States as a whole the average cost of food per family 

 ranged from .$29<J.7(j in 189(1, the year of lowest prices, to $o49.27, the highest, 

 in 190."). a diffei'ence of 17.7 per cent. As determined from 2.5(;7 families fur- 

 nishing information in 1905, the cost of food represents 42.54 per cent of all 

 family expenditures. 



Russia's wheat surplus; conditions under which it is produced, 1. M. 

 Hri!i>-ow ( r. S. Dcpt. A(/i:. Bur. Statis. Bui. .'i.i. pp. lO.l pis. .',. fiij. /). — The 

 author describes tlie conditions under which wheat is grown and harvested in 

 Russia and points out tlie actual and possible exportations of wheat to Eu- 

 ropean markets when* it competes with wheat from other countries. 



In the course of this study detailed facts are presented regarding the pojiu- 

 lation and physical conditions of the country, system of land ownership, cereal 

 production, the agricultural methods in vogue on private and peasant farms, 

 and the wages of agricidtural laborers, many of which fiictors l)(>ar upim the 

 cost of wheat" production. The two comi)eting cereals in Russia are rye and 

 wheat, and statistics are presented showing a steady gain in the cidtivation 

 of wheat. While the rye is consumed for bread by the peasants most of the 

 wheat is marketed. 



The primitive methods of agriculture. l;ick of modern implements and 

 machinery, ignor.-uice of the peasantry, and excess of si)ring sowings over 



