ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 561 



more r:\vv shmild he cxcrcisca tlnm is usunlly .trivcni to this niiittor. 'I'lu- ;nitii(ir 

 iK'licvt's tli.it ;is .1 rule tli.Tc uvv aliout 10,(100 Ikh's ])rv kiloj,'niiii of woifjlit. 



Water for bees, II. Ukliim: (Joitr. J>(itt. Agr. \'i(toiia. // (JUOO), A'o. 10, 

 pp. 632-63'/, fi</. i).— Attontiou is called to the desirability of haviiis,' a suitable 

 water sui>i)ly conveniently arranged for the use of bees. A practical ai)i)aratus 

 for supplyini; water is described and illufrtrated. 



Evaporation from hives at night, A. Mau.jean {Apiciilteur, 50 (1906), A'o. i), 

 I'll. .i.ii;-.i3.>). — The loss of weiiiht which takes place as a result of evaporation 

 in hives durinij; the night dei)ends somewhat on the rapidity with which the 

 l»ees cap oven- the cells already filled with honey. This process is delayed some- 

 what and a larger loss takes place than would otherwise l)e the case, but this is 

 a matter which can not be controlled. 



Artificial comb foundation, K. Pincot ( Apiciilteur, 50 {1906), No. 10, pp. 

 361-.36S). — Acc-ording to the author's observations, bees, if left to themselves, 

 construct the worker cells according to their own anatomical proportions. The 

 <-eIls are. therefore, larger or smaller, according to the size of the bees which 

 made them. 



Ry starting the foundation in a matri.x which gives comparatively large bases 

 for the cells, largt'r cells are made and th(^ worker bees which develop in such 

 brood cells are larger than they otherwise would have been, .attention is 

 called to the advantages of large size in bees and a description is given of the 

 methods I)y which bees draw down the foundation to form the cell walls. 



The bacteria of the apiary, with special reference to bee diseases, G. F. 

 White (f. 8. Dcpt. .l//r., liiir. Kiif. Biil. I'l. U'cli. -svi:, pp. 50). — Reference has 

 been made to previous work of the author along tlie line (jf bee diseases (E. S. R., 

 1(5, p. 487), and the present bulletin contains a sumrhary of the work thus far 

 drtne. 



In the first i)art of the Indletin descriptions are given of bacteria commonly 

 found in the combs or jtoUen. and in or upon honey bees and otlier material 

 with which they come in contact. Detailed statements are made regarding the 

 behavior of tliese bacteria upon different nutrient media. As a rule, honey 

 from the healthy hive is sterile. A number of bacteria, however, occur upon 

 the comb and in the intestines of healthy bees. 



As a result of the author's investigations the name Eurojiean foul brood is 

 given to the disease in which Bacillus alrei was found, wliile .Vmerican foul 

 brood is a term reserved for the brood disease due to />. laira: Both of the.se 

 diseases have a similar distribution. So-called black brood is apparently iden- 

 tical with Euroj)ean foul brood and the term is therefore abandoned. Pickle 

 brood and jLiralysis are not yet understood. 



The brood diseases of bees, E. F. Phillips (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. 

 Cirr. 79, pp. ■'>). — Two forms of brood disease commonly known as European 

 and American foul I)rood are recognized in this country. American foul l)rood 

 is distriliuted tlnoughout nearly all parts of the United States, while European 

 foul brood or black brood is not so widespread, but has caused great losses in 

 many localties and is steadily on the increase. 



The symptoms of these diseases are described and remedies are outlined. 

 Drugs are of little avail and colonies may be treated by shaking into clean 

 Lives or exchidiiig from old infested hives by means of bee escape. 



Brief notes .-ire also given on the symptoms of pickle brood and the condi- 

 tions conunonly Jcnown as chilled, overheated, and starved brood. 



The enemies of bees, A. Caillas (Apicnltcur, 50 (1906), No. 11, pp. J/lO-JiW, 

 figs. .',). — AttcnticMi is called to a number of the natural enemies of bees, includ- 

 ing certain grasses, swallows and other bee-eating birds, spiders, and para- 

 sitic moths. 



