DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTKCHNY. 7B7 



nations of the inilkinu iiiacliiiie from the standpoints of actual practice and 

 of bacteriolofiy. 



Practical Khidicx of a ittUkiiKj iiKichiiir. hij C B. Lane (pp. 9-32). — The 

 author descrilies several niilldni; nia<'hines, gives estimates of the cost of ecpiip- 

 uient for machir.e milk in;;, reports in detail two experiments in which hand 

 luilUinj? and machine milkinjr were compared, discusses the effects of milkins,' 

 machines upon the cows and other problems, and in conclusion sunnnarizes 

 the results of e.\]ierience with milkinu macliines as reported l)y dairymen. 



Tiie first test reported was mad(> with 8 cows and lasted 30 days. The herd 

 of 13 cows from which the 8 were selected had been milked with machines for 

 over 3 years. 'Phe second test. l;isting '10 days, was made with 20 cows 

 selected fi-oni a Iicrd of <!.") with a view to securinj? cows of different kinds, 

 indudinjj hard and easy milkers, heifers and mature animals, cows in the 

 first and last stages of lactation, and cows of uervous temperament. 



In the first test the time required for milking 4 cows twice daily by hand 

 averaged 40..")r> minutes and by machine 2(J.r)!) mimites. The difference in yield 

 of milk, not including strippings. was 3.9 i)er cent in favor of machine milking. 

 Hand milking was less thorough than machine milking as an average of 4..V) oz. 

 of stripi)ings i)er cow for each milking was obtained in the former case, and 

 4.12 oz. in the latter. 



In the second test the time required for milking 10 cows twice daily by hand 

 averaged 1.54.9 minutes and by machine 37.07 minutes. The difference in yield 

 of milk, not including strippings, was 7.59 per cent in favor of hand milking. 

 The strippings per cow at each milking avei'aged 2.7 oz. lu case of hand milking 

 and 3.4 oz. in case of machine milking. The average fat content of hand-drawn 

 milk was 3.77 per cent and of machine-drawn milk 3.49 per cent. 



The author offers a number of suggestions for the improvemout of milking 

 machines and poiuts out the objecticms and difiiculties to their use as well as 

 their advantages. The need of fnrther investigation is emphasized. 



The experience of 11 dairymen who made reports was favorable to nia<-liine 

 milking as compared with hand milking. 



Bactcrioloi/kal studies of a milking machine. Iiii W. A. StorJxini/. jr. ( ])p. 

 3.3-55). — The results are summarized by the author as follows: 



" (1) Unless sufficient care is used in cleaning the machines, decaying milk 

 and bacteria accumulate in the rub])er tubes and contaminate the milk as it 

 passes through them. 



" (2) The few dairymen now using these machines are not exercising suffi- 

 cient care in washing and sterilizing the machines to keep them in sanitary con- 

 dition; their milk is therefore of poorer quality from the sanitary standpiont 

 than that drawn by hand under the same stable conditions. 



■■ (3) Good sanitary conditions in a stable may be completely counteracted 

 l>y the insanitary condition of the milking machine. 



'■ (4) When kept in fairly clean condition the machine-dr.-iwn milk c(mtains 

 decidedly smaller numbers of bacteria than the correspt>nding hand-drawn 

 milk. 



" (5) ^Vhen the machines are not well cleaned both th(> number and percent- 

 age of acid-pi-oducing bacteria are higher than in the liand-drawn milk, but 

 when they are fairly well cleaned both the total numl)er ;uid the percentage of 

 these l)acteria are decidedly lower than in the corresponding hand-drawn milk. 



" 0">) I'.otli tlic total number and the i)ercentage of liciuefying bacteria found 

 in the milk were in most cases greatly reduced by the use of the machines. 

 This fact is of special significance in milk designed for direct consumptiim. 



" (7) When properly cared for, drawing the milk by means of the machine 

 increases its keeping (juality. 



