854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 



Animal pests and legislation, F. V. Theobald (Proc. Assoc. Econ. Biol., 1 

 (1906), ^0. 2, PI). .i'J-l'i). — Attention is called to the general recognition of the 

 necessity of legislation for the control of insect pests. Examples are given 

 of insect enemies of crops, animals, and man, and of legislation which has been 

 adopted in controlling these pests. A considerable proportion of the article 

 is occupied with copies of some typical laws relating to injurious insects in 

 England, various English colonies, and in the United States. 



First report of the State beekeepers' association of Pennsylvania, II. A. 

 Surface (Pciiii. J)vi)t. A<ir. Bill. I'/S. pp. -H'. pis. 2). — The IVnnsylvauia State 

 beekeepers' association was organized in 1904 and held its first annual conven- 

 tion in Harrisburg, December 6 and 7 of the same year. The first annual meet- 

 ing was held in Harrisburg, December G-7, 1905, and the present bulletin con- 

 tains an account of the meeting with copies of some of the papers read. The 

 subjects discussed include the importance of fostering apiculture, the habits of 

 honeybees, foul brood and other diseases, the relation between bees and horti- 

 culture, methods of improving honeybees, and notes on honey plants. 



Honeycomb, li. 1'incot {Apicultcur, 51 {1901), No. 2, pp. 52~G0, flg. 1). — 

 The author reeonunends that every bee raiser should own an apparatus for 

 manufacturing comb foundation and should make his own foundation. In this 

 way considerable expense is avoided and the purity of the foundation can be 

 assured. 



Disinfecting mulberry leaves before feeding to silkworms, U. Zanoni (5 »/. 

 Agr. [Milan^, 41 {1901), No. 2, pp. 1, 2).— Mulberry leaves were fed in a natural 

 state and after disinfection with silver fluorid (1 : 100,000) or sulphate of copper 

 (1 : 10,000). It was found during these experiments that while the cocoons of 

 silkworms fed on disinfected leaves weighed slightly more, the amount of avail- 

 able silk was no greater and the advantage of the treatment was, therefore, 

 altogether in favor of the silk raiser. 



FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. 



Food products, A. L. Winton {Connect k-ui ,St(itc »S7rt. Rpt. 1906, pt. 2, pp. 

 101-166). — Of •J,:;G1 samples of food materials examined, 678 were found to be 

 adulterated or below the standard, 93 were compounds, and 1,457 were not found 

 to be adulterated. 



The materials examined included chocolate candy, coffee and coffee substi- 

 tutes, dairy products, flavoring extracts, cream of tartar, sugar, maple sugar and 

 sirup, culinary fats and oils, sausage and similar goods, oysters and fish, spices 

 and condiments, honey, vinegar, starch, etc. 



Two of the 362 samples of milk collected by the station contained borax, 9 

 samples were watered, and 6 were considerably below the standard and unfit 

 for sale as standard milk. Of the 116 samples collected by health officers, 7 

 were unquestionably watered, 5 were skimmed, and 47 were below standard. 

 One sample contained formaldehyde. 



Twenty-five samples of cream were examined, and of these I contained boric 

 acid and I was below standard as regards fat content. 



Analyses of 8 brands of condensed milk showed that only 4 contained over 

 28 per cent of solids, or, in other words, had been evaporated sufficiently to 

 conform to the legal standard. 



" The comnnm adulteration of condensed milk consists in using skimmed milk 

 instead of whole milk for its preparation. Watering of the original milk is a 

 disadvantage to the manufacturer, as it necessitates longer evaporation, and the 

 use of preservatives is unnecessary when the product is thoroughly sterilized 



