ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1061 



ference in Pretoria for the purpose of arriviiiL,' at suitable measures for dealin.s^ 

 with the Jocusi pest. 



The praying mantis, J. 11. Inda (Com. Par. A(jr. [J/cr/eo |, (J ire. :,.',, pp. J). 

 p!/s. l.j). — The author presents notes on the habits and life history of Mantis 

 rvl'Kjlosa and .1/. Carolina, with particular reference to the benefits conferred 

 ui)on agriculture liy these insects. 



The chief enemies of the apple, E. Makchai, and I'oskin {Bui. Ayr. \ Hi as- 

 sets], 23 (1907), ^o. 1, pp. 5()-90, fl</s. 3S). — A general review is presented of 

 the insects and fundus diseases which constitute the most important enemies of 

 the apple. Formulas are given for the preparation of suitable insecticides 

 and fungicides. 



Orchard and bush fruit pests in 1906, F. V. Theobald (Jour. Bd. Acjr. 

 [Loudon], 13 ( 1907), No. 12, pp. 705-719). — In certain consignments of imported 

 apples the codling moth was found in considerable numbers. This insect was not 

 as injurious in orchards as during former years. Brief biological and economic 

 notes are given on the pear midge, woolly aphis, hop aphis, various other 

 plant lice affecting currant, gooseberry, strawberry, and apple, oyster-shell 

 bark-louse, etc. During recent years the blaclcbird has increased gi'eatly and 

 now causes serious damage to bush and orchard fruits. 



Mixed sprays for apple scab and codling moth, L. F. Henderson (Idaho 

 Sta. Bui. 55, pp. 27). — Since apple scab and codling moth are two of the most 

 imi)ortant enemies of apple orchards it was thought advisable to carry on 

 exiK'riments to determine more satisfactorily certain points I'egarding the use 

 of mixed sprays combining a fungicide with an insecticide for the control of 

 the twi* pests by one operation. 



It was found that three applications of Bordeaux mixture in ordinary years 

 control apple scab in a satisfactory manner. The use of Bordeaux mixture just 

 when the fruit is setting s(mietimes causes a russeting of the fruit and It is, 

 therefore, believed that this application of the Bordeaux mixture should be 

 omitted if any. Arsenate of lead, applied three times, gave the best results in 

 the control of codling moth. It was found that the use of bauds also assists 

 greatly in the control of this pest. 



In connection with thorough spraying it is I'ecommended that apple trees 

 should not be planted closer together than 24 or 2.5 ft., that thorough cultiva- 

 tion should be adopted, and that a suitable supply of humus and fertilizers 

 should be maintained in the soil. 



The apple leaf-miner. A new pest to the apple, C. D. .Jarvis (Connecticut 

 Storr.s St a. But. 'i5, pp. 35-55, fig.'i. 15). — The ai)ple leaf-miner is well distributed 

 over the eastern part of the United States and Canada, but has not heretofore 

 been regarded as a serious pest of the apple. During the past season, however, 

 it proved in parts of Connecticut to be very injurious to the api)le and also fed 

 on the blackberry, haw, rasplun-ry. and other r(»lated plants. This insect 

 develops two broods during the season, the second of which is the more impor- 

 tant. Hil)ernation takes place in the caterpillar stage. 



The insect is described in all its stages. The larva- produce mines in the 

 substance of the leaves and are sometimes so numerous as to form large dis 

 colored blotches. The eggs are deposited early in .Tune. 



It a|ipears that orchards in cultivated soils suffer less from this insect than 

 those which are left in sod. The collection and destruction of the fallen leaves 

 in autumn is recommended, since the insect at that time of the year is found 

 in the substance of tlie h'aves. In most localities the pest has not yet proved 

 serious, but wherever it is ainmdant attention should be given to the destruction 

 of the leaves in the fall in oi-der to prevent its further spread. 



