DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. IKU 



Leucocyte standards and the leucocyte content of milks from apparently 

 healthy cows, H. L. Russell and C. Hoffmann (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1907, 

 Xo. 3, Sup., pp. 63-75). — The authors have compared the Doane-Ruckley and 

 Stokes-Stowart methods of determining leucocytes in milk and liave studied 

 tlie leucocyte content of the milk of the cows of the University of Wisconsin 

 dairy herd from June to October. 



Of the two methods compared the l)oaue-P>uckley method is c-oosiilered more 

 accurate, eqiuilly rapid, and less trying on the eyes. 



The herd was divided into 2 groups. Group 1 contained 18 cows in perfect 

 Iiealtli. and gronp 2 contained 12 cows having udder indurations of varying 

 severity, but with one exception producing apparently normal milk. Of the 537 

 tests made of the first group. 81.1 per cent fell below 50.000 per cubic centimeter, 

 19.S per cent were between 50.0<X) and 100,000. :!!).4 per cent between 100.000 and 

 500.(K)0, 0.8 per cent between 500.000 and 1.0<)0,000. and 2.9 per cent above 

 1.000.000. The corresponding percentages for the 371 tests made of the second 

 group were 13.2, 1().4. 45.9, 12.4, and 12.1. 



The leucocyte content of the milk of apparently normal animals was often 

 fn excess of the standards which have been proposed, indicating, according to 

 the authors, that complete reliance can not be placed upon quantitative stand- 

 ards alone. 



The relative importance of streptococci and leucocytes in milk, X. M. 

 Harris {Jour, lit feet. Diseases, J907, \o. 3, Hup., pp. 60-62). — Tbe author con- 

 cludes that there is at present no reliable method for distinguishing patbogenic 

 from nonpathogenic streptococci in milk, and that the sanitary significance of 

 both streptococci and leucocytes or pus cells in milk has been overrated. He 

 believes that more attention should be given to veterinary inspection of the 

 cow's udder and less dependence placed upon laboratory examination of milk 

 for signs of infectious processes. 



The - comparative value of bacterial and temperature regulations for a 

 city's milk supply, F. H. Slack {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1907, No. 3, Sup., pp. 

 76-81). — Since May, 1904. the regulations of Boston have required that the 

 market milk of that city shall not contain more than 500,000 bacteria per 

 cubic centimeter nor have a temperature above 50° F. The article gives the 

 results of plate counts and temperature determinations of 11.403 samples taken 

 during this period. 



Tbe results show that GO per cent of the samples were within both standards. 

 11.25 per cent had high temperatures and low bacterial contents, 17.5 per cent 

 had high bacterial contents and low temperatures, and 5.25 per cent were out- 

 side both standards. 



Of the two tests the bacterial count is considered nuich the more important. 



The bacteriological characteristics of different types of milk fermentations, 

 M. DiiGGELi {CentljJ. Bakt. [etc.]. 2. Altt., 18 {1907), Yos. 1-3, pp. 37-J,9 ; 7-9, 

 l)p. 224-245; 13-15, pp. 439-4 'i8, df/m. ;).— This article gives the bacteriological 

 characteristics of the different groups of lactic-acid bacteria. 



Soft-cheese studies in Europe, ('. Thom ([/. S. Dept. Af/r.. Bur. Aiiiiii. Dxlus. 

 Rpt. 19(15. pp. 79-109, pis. 3). — The author visited cheese factories and markets 

 in England, France, Italy, and Germany, paying particular attention to the 

 groups of cheese in which molds are the principal ripening agents. 



Mold-ripened cheeses are divided into two groups, the Brie-Camembert group 

 and the Gorgonzola-Roquefort-Stilton group. Ratber detailed notes are given 

 on the manufacture of each of these varieties. Of the first group the Brie and 

 Camembert are considered the only varieties worthy of consideration. It is 

 believed that these two types of cheese may be made with success anywhere 

 if the necessary conditions are observed and proper ripening agents introduced. 



