224 C. H. TURNER. 



no case did tlie wasp so orient itself as to have the major axis of 

 its body parallel to the rays of light. Furthermore in hunting 

 for the nest, the wasp crossed the light sometimes in one direc- 

 tion and sometimes in another. In yet other cases the wasp 

 would zigzag across the light. 



Neither is the wasp's behavior merely a reflex response 

 either to brightness or to the direction of the rays of light ; for 

 if that were the case, in experiment six, when all the shades of 

 windows number two to four were lowered except the top 

 shade of window number two, the wasp should have flown, not 

 to the wall to the west of window number three, but to window 

 number two. Likewise in experiment eight, when all the shades 

 of windows number two to six were lowered and the only 

 bright light entering the room was that which came through the 

 upper and lower portions of window number one, if the wasp 

 were guided merely by light acting reflexly, then it should not 

 have been able to find the nest at all. Furthermore, if the wasp's 

 behavior is merely a reflex response to light, there is no reason 

 why it should have entered the room at all, for the open portion 

 of the window was certainly not so bright as the window-panes 

 from which the light was reflected. We say nothing about the 

 bright sunshine out of doors ! 



But brightness is not the only factor which influences the 

 movements of this wasp ; else, when all the shades of windows 

 number two to six were lowered, it would have been impossible 

 for it to rediscover the nest. This series of experiments warrants 

 the induction that, in the wasp's memory, that nest is located in 

 a certain direction and at about a definite distance from a bright 

 patch which is situated at a known elevation in a peculiar en- 

 vironment. 



The above statement predicates to wasps memory and an 

 awareness of space relations. As to the existence of memory 

 these experiments furnish unequivocal evidence. This harmo- 

 nizes with the views of Forel and the Peckhams. In '* The 

 Homing of Ants" are recorded proofs that ants have an aware- 

 ness of space relations, and, since wasps are near kin to ants, it is 

 probable that they, too, have an awareness of space relations. This 

 series of experiments furnishes evidence to support this view. In 



