1*. ('olldids; ( 'niii|»;ict Sui-rncc Frcczinji' ; liitcnnit- 



ti'iit l^'i-cczinii ; I >iss('iiiiii;ited Froezing K)3 



:'.. ( \);iinul;it(Ml Miilcrinl _ 138 



4. IN. rims Material 13S 



."). Tissues. Surface Fi-eeziiig 13!) 



0. Tissues, luiercellular l^reeziiig- 141 



7. Cells. Surface^ Freeziug 144 



8. Cellular Coustitueuts 145 



C. The Frekzixg Curves 147 



1. Freezing Curve of Water 148 



2. Freezing Curves of Solutions .- 152 



3. Freezing Curves of Colloids 155 



4. Freezing Curves of Tissues; Living and Dead Tis- 



sues; Eutectic Poiul ; (juaulitv of lee Formed. .150 



III. CO.MI'LKTIOX OF (CRYSTALLIZATION 102 



1. Susjieusions and Colloids.. 102 



2. Tissues 104 



IV. THE FKOZEN STATE 100 



Properties of Ice and of Frozen Systems ...100 



1. ^[eclianical Properties of Ice 100 



2. Specific Gravity 108 



3. Thermal Constants 108 



4. Electrical Properties 170 



5. Optical Properties 171 



V. MELTING AND MELTED :MATERIAL.. 171 



A. The Process of Melting 171 



B. Alterations Observed ix Thawed Materiai — 172 



1. Suspensions and Colloids 172 



2. Tissues 179 



CHAPTER IT 

 Sil'JJh'COOLlXd AVD THE ^L I'ERL'OOLED .STATE 



I. THE SrBCOOLIN(J (UKVE 185 



II. FA( 'T( )KS AFFECTING CRYSTALLIZATION IN A 

 STTKCOOLED LIQI^ID IJ^S 



1. Temperature 188 



2. Inoculation 190 



3. The Time Factor 192 



4. Mechanical Disturbance 193 



5. ( 'aiiillarit y 190 



0. Impurities 198 



7. Other Factors 200 



